High-speed countercurrent chromatography separation technology and its applications

Author: Cao Xueli
Publisher:
Publishing Date: 2005-03-01
Features: High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) technology is emerging as a highly regarded novel separation and purification technique, widely applied in fields such as biomedicine, natural products, food, and cosmetics. This book provides a detailed introduction to the theory, technology, and applications of HSCCC, comprising 15 chapters. Chapters 1–4 focus on the fundamental knowledge of countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and HSCCC separation mechanisms, working methods, and solvent selection strategies. Chapters 5–8 primarily introduce new technologies and methods developed in recent years in HSCCC, including analytical HSCCC, bidirectional countercurrent chromatography (BCCC), pH-zone-refining CCC, and orthogonal axis CCC. Chapters 9–15 report research findings on the applications of CCC technology (primarily HSCCC) in various fields, including the separation of active components from natural plants, marine bioactive compounds, and antibiotics, as well as the use of biphasic CCC and centrifugal precipitation chromatography for protein separation. This book is suitable for researchers, technicians (analytical, separation, etc.), and students in fields such as natural products, traditional Chinese medicine, pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and bioengineering.
Introduction: High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) technology is emerging as a highly regarded novel separation and purification technique, widely applied in fields such as biomedicine, natural products, food, and cosmetics. This book provides a detailed introduction to the theory, technology, and applications of HSCCC, comprising 15 chapters. Chapters 1–4 focus on the fundamental knowledge of countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and HSCCC separation mechanisms, working methods, and solvent selection strategies. Chapters 5–8 primarily introduce new technologies and methods developed in recent years in HSCCC, including analytical HSCCC, bidirectional countercurrent chromatography (BCCC), pH-zone-refining CCC, and orthogonal axis CCC. Chapters 9–15 report research findings on the applications of CCC technology (primarily HSCCC) in various fields, including the separation of active components from natural plants, marine bioactive compounds, and antibiotics, as well as the use of biphasic CCC and centrifugal precipitation chromatography for protein separation. This book is suitable for researchers, technicians (analytical, separation, etc.), and students in fields such as natural products, traditional Chinese medicine, pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and bioengineering.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Countercurrent Chromatography
1.1 Concept of Countercurrent Chromatography
1.2 Development of Countercurrent Chromatography
1.2.1 Countercurrent Partitioning
1.2.2 Liquid Drop Countercurrent Chromatography
1.2.3 Centrifugal Distribution Chromatography and Spiral Tube Countercurrent Chromatography
1.2.4 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography and Orthogonal Axis Countercurrent Chromatography
1.2.5 pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography
1.2.6 Centrifugal Precipitation Chromatography
1.2.7 Spiral Disk Column High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography
1.2.8 Trends in Countercurrent Chromatography Development
1.3 Modern Countercurrent Chromatography Instrumentation Systems
1.3.1 Hydrostatic Equilibrium Systems
1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Equilibrium Systems
1.3.3 Comparison of Two Countercurrent Chromatography Systems
1.4 Basic Chromatography Theory of Countercurrent Chromatography
1.4.1 Solvent Retention
1.4.2 Retention Factor and Selectivity
1.4.3 Resolution
1.5 Comparison of Countercurrent Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography
1.5.1 Working Range of Theoretical Plates
1.5.2 Preparative Separation of Countercurrent Chromatography
1.5.3 Complementarity Between Countercurrent Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography
References
Chapter 2: Separation Mechanism of High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography
2.1 Fluid Dynamics Distribution in Rotating Spiral Tubing in Gravitational Field
2.2 Flowing-Centrifugal Separation Instruments Without Rotating Seals
2.3 Fluid Dynamics Distribution in Synchronously Planetary-Moving Rotating Spiral Tubing
2.4 Unidirectional Fluid Dynamic Equilibrium Mechanism of High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography
2.5 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography Instrument Systems
2.6 Phase Distribution Diagram
2.7 Physical Parameters Affecting Phase Distribution
2.7.1 Influence of β Value
2.7.2 Physical Properties of Solvent Systems and Partitioning Time
2.7.3 Effect of Temperature on Partitioning Time
References
Chapter 3: Working Methods of High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography
3.1 Preparation of Solvent Systems
3.1.1 Principles for Solvent System Selection
3.1.2 Common Methods for Solvent System Selection
3.1.3 Solvent System Equilibration
3.1.4 Effect of Temperature
3.2 Preparation of Column Systems
3.3 Preparation and Loading of Sample Solutions
3.4 Elution Methods
3.4.1 Gradient Elution
3.4.2 Bidirectional Elution
3.4.3 Column Cleaning
3.5 Detection
3.5.1 UV-Visible Light Detector
3.5.2 Evaporative Light Scattering Detector
3.5.3 Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy Detector
3.5.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography Detector
3.6 Advantages of High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography
References
Chapter 4: Solvent System Selection Strategies
4.1 Physical Parameters of Solvent Systems
4.1.1 Hildebrand Solubility Parameter
4.1.2 Snyder Adsorption Solvent Strength Parameter
4.1.3 Rohrschneider and Snyder Polarity Parameter
4.1.4 Reichardt Polarity Index
4.1.5 Polar Index for HSCCC
4.2 Ternary Solvent Systems
4.2.1 Ternary Phase Diagram
4.2.2 Types of Ternary Phase Diagrams
4.2.3 Strategies for Ternary Solvent System Selection
4.3 Multicomponent Solvent Systems
4.3.1 Ito Method
4.3.2 Oka Method
4.3.3 HBAW Method
4.3.4 ARIZONA Method
4.3.5 Extended "ARIZONA" Method
4.3.6 Ethyl Glycol Dimethyl Ether System
4.3.7 Acetone Solvent Series
4.3.8 Abbott Method
4.4 A Practical Approach to Solvent Selection
References
Chapter 5: Analytical High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography
5.1 Overview
5.2 Principle and Instrumentation of Analytical HSCCC
5.3 Applications of Analytical HSCCC
5.3.1 Rapid Solvent System Screening
5.3.2 Determination of Distribution Coefficients
5.3.3 Separation of Small Natural Product Samples
5.3.4 Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine Fingerprint Analysis
5.4 Analytical HSCCC Coupled with Mass Spectrometry
5.4.1 Coupling with Thermal Spray Mass Spectrometry
5.4.2 Coupling with Electron Ionization, Chemical Ionization, and Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry
5.4.3 Coupling with Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
References
Chapter 6: Bidirectional Countercurrent Chromatography
6.1 Principle and Mechanism of Bidirectional Countercurrent Chromatography
6.2 Applications of Bidirectional Countercurrent Chromatography
6.3 Foam Countercurrent Chromatography and Its Applications
References
Chapter 7: pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography
7.1 Development of pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography
7.2 Theoretical Mechanism of pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography
7.2.1 Reverse Displacement Mode
7.2.2 Forward Displacement Mode
7.2.3 Comparison Between pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography and Displacement Chromatography
7.3 Typical Applications of pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography
7.3.1 Separation of Amino Acid Derivatives
7.3.2 Separation of Peptide Derivatives
7.3.3 Separation of Oxygenated Anthraquinone Dyes
7.3.4 Separation of Alkaloids
7.3.5 Separation of Acidic Components
7.4 Application of pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography in Affinity Separation
7.4.1 Separation of Enantiomers
7.4.2 Separation of Catecholamines
7.4.3 Separation of Peptides
7.4.4 Separation of Proteins
7.4.5 Separation of Sulfonated Compounds
7.5 Techniques for pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography Separation
7.5.1 Samples and Sample Solutions
7.5.2 Solvent Systems
7.5.3 Optimization of Experimental Conditions
7.5.4 Separation Process
7.6 Advantages and Limitations of pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography
References
Chapter 8: Orthogonal Axis Countercurrent Chromatography
8.1 Design Principle of Orthogonal Axis Countercurrent Chromatography Instruments
8.2 Phase Distribution Characteristics in Coaxial Spiral Tubing of Orthogonal Axis Countercurrent Chromatography Instruments
8.3 Optimization of Operating Conditions for Orthogonal Axis Countercurrent Chromatography
8.4 Comparison Between Orthogonal Axis Countercurrent Chromatography and High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography
8.4.1 Retention of Stationary Phase
8.4.2 Separation Efficiency
8.5 Applications of Orthogonal Axis Countercurrent Chromatography
8.5.1 Low-Polarity Organic Phase/Water Phase Systems
8.5.2 Polar Organic Phase/Water Phase Systems
8.5.3 Biphasic Polymer Systems
References
Chapter 9: Separation of Active Components from Natural Plants
9.1 Alkaloids
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Alkaloids in Tea
9.1.3 Alkaloids in Coptis
9.1.4 Alkaloids in Aconitum carmichaelii
9.1.5 Isoquinoline Alkaloids
9.2 Flavonoids
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 Flavonoids in Ginkgo and Sea Buckthorn
9.2.3 Flavonoids in Bauhinia
9.2.4 Miroestrogen in Astragalus
9.2.5 Isoflavones in Pueraria
9.2.6 Isoflavones in Soybeans
9.3 Polyphenols
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Resveratrol, Resveratrol Glycosides, and Analogues
9.3.3 Catechins in Green Tea
9.3.4 Theaflavins in Black Tea
9.3.5 Proanthocyanidins
9.3.6 Anthocyanins and Anthocyanins
9.3.7 Salidroside
9.3.8 Asperuloside in Cistanche
9.3.9 Chlorogenic Acid in Lonicera
9.4 Quinones
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Anthraquinones in Rheum
9.4.3 Anthraquinone Glycosides in Polygonum cuspidatum
9.4.4 in Salvia miltiorrhiza
9.4.5 Shikonin
9.5 Terpenes
9.5.1 Overview
9.5.2 Paclitaxel Precursors
9.5.3 Andrographolide
9.5.4 Cucurbitacins in Sweet Melon
9.5.5 Lycopene
9.5.6 Lutein
9.6 Lignans
9.6.1 Overview
9.6.2 Lignans in Salvia miltiorrhiza
9.6.3 Lignans in Flax
9.7 Coumarins
9.7.1 Overview
9.7.2 Coumarins in Notopterygium incisum
9.7.3 Coumarins in Cnidium
9.8 Saponins
9.8.1 Overview
9.8.2 Saponins in Panax notoginseng
9.9 Others
9.9.1 β-Sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol
9.9.2 Unsaturated fatty acids in grape seeds
9.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Separation of Marine Bioactive Compounds
10.1 Separation Techniques for Marine Natural Products
10.2 Applications of HSCCC in Separating Marine Active Compounds
10.2.1 Macrolides
10.2.2 Polyethers
10.2.3 Terpenes and Steroids
10.2.4 Peptides
10.2.5 Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds
10.2.6 Carotenoids
10.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Separation of Antibiotics
11.1 Separation of Macrolide Antibiotics
11.1.1 12-Deoxyerythromycin, Nidamycin, Tayocin, and Corallocidin
11.1.2 Spirogrisein
11.1.3 Erythromycin
11.1.4 Spiramycin
11.1.5 Micromonospora Antibiotics, FK-506, and Rapamycin
11.1.6 Erythromycin
11.2 Separation of Peptide Antibiotics
11.2.1 Bacitracin
11.2.2 Colistin
11.2.3 WAP-8294A Antibiotic
11.3 Separation of Antifungal Antibiotics
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Application of Biphasic Countercurrent Chromatography in Protein Separation and Purification
12.1 Composition and Selection of Biphasic Polymer Systems
12.2 Polyethylene Glycol-K phosphate System and Its Applications
12.2.1 Composition and Stationary Phase Retention of Polyethylene Glycol-K phosphate System
12.2.2 Separation of Cytochrome c, Myoglobin, Ovalbumin, and Hemoglobin
12.2.3 Separation of Recombinant Enzymes—Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase and Uridine Phosphorylase
12.2.4 Separation of High-Density, Low-Density, and Very Low-Lipid Proteins
12.2.5 Separation of Chicken Egg Proteins
12.3 Polyethylene Glycol-Dextran Polymer System and Its Applications
12.3.1 Characteristics of Polyethylene Glycol-Dextran System
12.3.2 Stationary Phase Retention of Polyethylene Glycol-Dextran System
12.3.3 Separation of Histone Mixtures
12.3.4 Separation of α-Globulin and Human Serum Albumin
12.3.5 Separation of α-Globulin and γ-Globulin Mixtures
12.4 pH-Peak Focusing Biphasic Countercurrent Chromatography for Separation of Lactate Dehydrogenase
12.5 Biphasic System Dye-Ligand Affinity Countercurrent Chromatography for Separation of Ethanol Dehydrogenase
12.6 Novel Column Component Systems for Stationary Phase Retention and Applications in Biphasic Systems
12.6.1 Spiral Tube Column Component System on Orthogonal Axis CPC
12.6.2 Spiral Solid Disk Column Component System on J-Type CPC
References
Chapter 13: Application of Centrifugal Precipitation Chromatography in Protein Separation
13.1 Principle and Instrumentation
13.2 Preliminary Study of Protein Separation Conditions
13.2.1 Study of Mass Transfer Rate and Membrane Permeability
13.2.2 Optimization of Protein Separation Conditions
13.3 Applications
13.3.1 Separation of Proteins
13.3.2 Separation of Polysaccharides
13.3.3 Separation of Other Biomolecules
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Application of Countercurrent Chromatography in Chiral Separation
14.1 Principle and Steps of CCC Chiral Separation
14.2 Initial Exploration of CCC Chiral Separation
14.3 Application of Various Chiral Reagents in CCC Separation
14.3.1 N-Dodecanoyl-L-proline-3,5-dimethylaminobenzene
14.3.2 Sulfated β-Cyclodextrin
14.3.3 Bovine Serum Albumin
14.3.4 Vancomycin
14.3.5 Quinine Alkaloid Derivatives
14.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Application of Countercurrent Chromatography in Natural Medicine Industry
15.1 High-Throughput Separation and Preparation Methods Before High-Throughput Screening
15.1.1 General Step-by-Step Separation Method for Natural Extracts
15.1.2 Pre-Separation Method Before Crude Extract Activity Tests
15.1.3 Application in Modernization Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine
15.2 Natural Product Separation Guided by Bioactivity Tests
15.3 Preparation of High-Purity Drug Active Component Standards or Reference Standards
15.4 Industrial Scaling of Countercurrent Chromatography for Drugs
15.4.1 Possibilities and Advantages of Countercurrent Chromatography Scaling
15.4.2 Factors Affecting the Countercurrent Chromatography Scaling Process
References
Appendix 1: Introduction to Common High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography Instruments and Their Performance at Home and Abroad
Appendix 2: List of Common Solvent Systems for HSCCC Separation of Natural Plant Active Components
Appendix 3: Abbreviations and Specialized Terminology