Patient's question:
I feel a sense of incomplete urination when I urinate, and there is a sense of pain at the end.Doctor's answer:
There may be a possibility of a urinary tract infection.Urinary tract stones form in the kidneys and bladder. The formation mechanisms, etiologies, stone compositions, and epidemiology of upper urinary tract stones and lower urinary tract stones show significant differences. Most upper urinary tract stones are calcium oxalate stones. Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones are more common in bladder stones than in upper urinary tract stones. Although some kidney stones have clear factors or etiologies, such as hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, cystinuria, gout, foreign bodies, prolonged bed rest, obstruction, and infection, the formation factors or etiologies of most calcium stones remain largely unexplained. The nucleation theory, stone matrix theory, and crystal inhibition theory are the three most fundamental hypotheses for stone formation. Based on different formation mechanisms of upper urinary tract stones, some classify them as metabolic stones and infectious stones. Metabolic stones are caused by metabolic disorders, such as hyperparathyroidism, various factors or etiologies leading to hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, and hyperoxaluria. High concentrations of chemical components damage the renal tubules, increasing the amount of matrix substances in the urine and causing salts to precipitate, forming stones. Infectious stones are formed when urease-producing bacteria decompose urea in the urine, producing ammonia and alkalizing the urine. Phosphates and uric acid ammonium in the urine are in a relatively supersaturated state, leading to deposition. Bacteria, infection products, and necrotic tissue also serve as cores for stone formation.