What are the treatments for ovarian cysts?

Patient's question:

Medical history: Pregnancy at 15 weeks with ovarian cyst torsion
Detailed condition and consultation purpose: Please ask about the impact of surgical treatment on the fetus and ways to avoid it. Thank you

Doctor's answer:

① Ovarian Cystectomy
Patients with this condition often have no menstrual disorders, and some may even be pregnant. If one side of the tumor is significantly larger, a unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy can be performed.
② Salpingo-oophorectomy
Unilateral ovarian cysts in patients over the age of 45, especially bilateral ovarian cysts, often undergo unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. If the patient's overall condition cannot tolerate the surgery or if the inflammation is severe, a total hysterectomy is commonly performed. It is noteworthy that when dealing with larger ovarian cysts, the surgery should prioritize complete removal regardless of the incision size to prevent the leakage of cystic contents into the abdominal cavity or incision. During the procedure, it is essential to monitor the patient's pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. If necessary, intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, or oxygen should be administered. Early detection of acute gastric dilatation, paralytic ileus, and the resulting water and electrolyte imbalance, as well as changes in blood chemistry, must also be prevented.
③ Adnexal and Total Hysterectomy
Unilateral or bilateral ovarian cysts in women near or in menopause, whose overall condition cannot tolerate surgery, are often treated with bilateral adnexal and total hysterectomy. However, this procedure can significantly affect endocrine disorders.