Unsaturated polyester resin and its applications

Author: Shen Kaiyou
Publisher:
Publishing Time: 2005-05-01
Features: Based on the recent development of unsaturated polyester resins and their varieties such as fiberglass, artificial marble, and artificial agate, this book elaborates in detail on the principles, processes, and applications of unsaturated polyester resin production. The first part systematically introduces the chemical reactions, formulation design, and production processes of unsaturated polyester resins, with a focus on the roles of initiators, accelerators, and inhibitors, as well as flame-retardant resins and vinyl ester resins. The second part covers the varieties of unsaturated polyester resins, the composite mechanisms and properties of composite materials, the design and production methods of products and molds, with a focus on the production processes of various fiberglass products, artificial marble, and artificial agate, as well as a detailed discussion of the fundamental theory, properties, and molding methods of sheet molding compound (SMC) and bulk molding compound (BMC). It also includes on-site resin construction, safe operation, testing standards for raw materials and resins. Additionally, it highlights surface treatment of fiberglass and its application technologies, as well as the design and calculation methods for fiberglass-reinforced materials. This book is suitable for technical personnel in production, research, and design departments, as well as for students and teachers in relevant fields of higher education institutions.
Introduction: Based on the recent development of unsaturated polyester resins and their varieties such as fiberglass, artificial marble, and artificial agate, this book elaborates in detail on the principles, processes, and applications of unsaturated polyester resin production. The first part systematically introduces the chemical reactions, formulation design, and production processes of unsaturated polyester resins, with a focus on the roles of initiators, accelerators, and inhibitors, as well as flame-retardant resins and vinyl ester resins. The second part covers the varieties of unsaturated polyester resins, the composite mechanisms and properties of composite materials, the design and production methods of products and molds, with a focus on the production processes of various fiberglass products, artificial marble, and artificial agate, as well as a detailed discussion of the fundamental theory, properties, and molding methods of sheet molding compound (SMC) and bulk molding compound (BMC). It also includes on-site resin construction, safe operation, testing standards for raw materials and resins. Additionally, it highlights surface treatment of fiberglass and its application technologies, as well as the design and calculation methods for fiberglass-reinforced materials. This book is suitable for technical personnel in production, research, and design departments, as well as for students and teachers in relevant fields of higher education institutions.
Table of Contents:
Part 1: Production Process of Unsaturated Polyester Resins
1. Introduction
1.1 General Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resins
1.2 Development Status of Unsaturated Polyester
1.3 Overview of Technological Development of Unsaturated Polyester
1.4 Basic Concepts
1.4.1 Degree of Functionality
1.4.2 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting
1.4.3 Addition Polymerization and Condensation Polymerization
1.4.4 Crosslinking, Initiator
1.4.5 Accelerator
1.4.6 Polymerization Degree
1.4.7 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
2. Main Raw Materials Used in Unsaturated Polyester
2.1 Unsaturated Binary Acids
2.1.1 Maleic Anhydride
2.1.2 Fumaric Acid
2.2 Saturated Binary Acids
2.2.1 Phthalic Anhydride
2.2.2 Isophthalic Acid
2.2.3 Terephthalic Acid
2.2.4 Adipic Acid
2.2.5 Tetrachlorophthalic Anhydride
2.2.6 Tetra-bromophthalic Anhydride
2.2.7 Bis(bridge methylene)tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride
2.2.8 Hexachlorobis(bridge methylene)phthalic Anhydride
2.3 Binary Alcohols
2.3.1 Propylene Glycol
2.3.2 Ethylene Glycol
2.3.3 Diethylene Glycol
2.3.4 Triethylene Glycol
2.3.5 Neopentyl Glycol
2.3.6 Bromine-Substituted Neopentyl Glycol
2.3.7 Bisphenol A Derivatives
2.3.8 Hydrogenated Bisphenol A
2.3.9 Allyl Alcohol
2.4 Crosslinking Monomers
2.4.1 Styrene
2.4.2 Other Phenyl Vinyl Derivatives
2.4.3 Diallyl Phthalate
2.4.4 Methyl Methacrylate
2.4.5 Triallyl Cyanurate
3. Formulation Design of Unsaturated Polyester
3.1 Structure Design of General Unsaturated Polyester Molecular Chain
3.1.1 Formation of Polyester Molecular Chain
3.1.2 Use of Crosslinking Agents
3.1.3 Formulation of General Polyester Resin
3.1.4 Variations of General Polyester
3.2 Selection of Main Structural Components
3.2.1 Unsaturated Binary Acids
3.2.2 Saturated Binary Acids
3.2.3 Binary Alcohols
3.2.4 Crosslinking Monomers
3.3 Requirements of Component and Structure for Product Performance
3.3.1 Mechanical Properties
3.3.2 Flexibility
3.3.3 Crystallinity
3.3.4 Thermal Stability
3.3.5 Melting Point
3.3.6 Flame Retardancy
3.3.7 Electrical Properties
3.3.8 Chemical Resistance
3.3.9 Sensitivity to Water
3.3.10 Transparency and Light Stability
3.3.11 Air-Drying Property
3.4 Effects of Molecular Weight Changes
3.5 Selection of Initiator and Inhibitor Systems
3.5.1 Effects of Different Initiators on Resin Properties
3.5.2 Effects of Different Inhibitors on Resin Properties
4. Chemical Reactions of Unsaturated Polyester
4.1 Characteristics of Polyester Condensation Reaction
4.1.1 Stepwise Growth Process of Molecular Chain
4.1.2 Reversibility of Condensation Reaction
4.2 Molecular Weight Control
4.2.1 Molecular Weight Distribution
4.2.2 Average Molecular Weight
4.2.3 Control of Molecular Weight
4.3 Viscosity of Polyester
4.3.1 Unsaturated Polyester Melt Belongs to Non-Newtonian Fluid
4.3.2 Factors Affecting Viscosity
4.4 Bulk Condensation Reaction and Gelation
4.5 Copolymerization Reaction of Unsaturated Polyester
4.5.1 Diversity of Polyester Molecular Structure
4.5.2 One-Step and Two-Step Methods of Polyester Reaction
4.6 Crosslinking of Unsaturated Polyester
4.7 Initiation Process of Crosslinking of Unsaturated Polyester
4.7.1 Organic Initiator
4.7.2 Thermal Decomposition Initiation
4.7.3 Chemical Decomposition Initiation
4.7.4 Photo Initiation
4.8 Inhibition, Retardation, and Stabilization
4.9 Aging and Anti-Aging of Resin After Curing
4.9.1 Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation
4.9.2 Effects of Oxygen and Ozone in Air
4.9.3 Hydrolytic Degradation
5. Production Process of Unsaturated Polyester
5.1 Production Process and Workshop Layout
5.2 Main Production Equipment
5.2.1 Equipment for Condensation Reaction
5.2.2 Dilution Equipment
5.2.3 Testing and Control Instruments
5.3 Production Process
5.3.1 Laboratory Synthesis
5.3.2 Workshop Production Process
5.4 Production Process and Product Quality Control
5.4.1 Process Control
5.4.2 Raw Material Quality Control
5.4.3 Product Quality Control
5.5 Analysis of Resin
6. Initiators, Accelerators, and Inhibitors
6.1 Relationship Between Initiator, Accelerator, and Inhibitor
6.2 Selection of Initiator
6.2.1 Resin Characteristics
6.2.2 Resin Storage Period
6.2.3 Control of Molding Temperature
6.2.4 Curing Speed
6.2.5 Thickness of Molded Parts
6.2.6 Effects of Fillers, Pigments, and Various Additives
6.3 Room Temperature Curing Initiators
6.3.1 Peroxide Cyclohexanone
6.3.2 Peroxy Ethyl Methyl Ketone
6.4 Initiators for SMC and BMC
6.5 Other Initiators
6.5.1 Peroxide Ketone
6.5.2 Peroxide Dialdehyde
6.5.3 Hydroperoxide
6.5.4 Dialkyl Peroxide and Diaryl Peroxide
6.5.5 Peroxide Carboxylate
6.6 Combination of Initiators
6.7 Accelerators, Accelerators, and Gel Stabilizers
6.7.1 Metal Compound Accelerators
6.7.2 Secondary Amine Accelerators
6.7.3 Accelerators
6.7.4 Accelerators and Gel Stabilizers
6.7.5 Applicability of Accelerators
6.8 Inhibitors and Retarders
6.8.1 Requirements for Using Inhibitors
6.8.2 Specifications and Usage Methods of Main Inhibitors
6.8.3 Evaluation of Inhibition Performance
6.8.4 Drift of Curing Performance During Storage
6.9 Residual Styrene in Cured Resin
7. Progress of Unsaturated Polyester Technology
7.1 Continuous Production Process of Epoxides
7.1.1 Reaction Principle
7.1.2 Overview of Synthesis Process
7.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Epoxide Process
7.2 Introduction of New Structural Units into Unsaturated Polyester Molecule
7.2.1 Dicyclopentadiene
7.2.2 Neopentyl Glycol
7.2.3 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-Pentanediol
7.2.4 1,4-Dimethanol Cyclhexane
7.2.5 Bromine-Substituted Neopentyl Glycol
7.2.6 Tetra-Bromobisphenol A Di(2-Hydroxyethyl Ether)
7.2.7 Dimethylol Propionic Acid
7.2.8 Trimethylol Ethane
7.2.9 1,4-Dicarboxylic Acid Cyclhexane
7.3 Progress of Unsaturated Polyester Varieties
7.3.1 Low-Volatility Styrene Resin
7.3.2 Foam Polyester Resin
7.3.3 Polyester Cement
8. Flame-Retardant Resins
8.1 Overview of Flame Retardancy
8.1.1 Flame Retardancy Mechanism
8.1.2 Combustion of Organic Matter
8.1.3 Introduction of Flame-Retardant Elements
8.1.4 Role of Flame-Retardant Additives Such as Antimony Oxide
8.1.5 Auxiliary Flame Retardancy of Organophosphorus Compounds
8.2 Formulation Principles of Flame-Retardant Resins
8.3 Additive Flame-Retardant Resins
8.3.1 Halogenated Additives
8.3.2 Phosphorus- or Phosphorus and Halogen-Containing Additives
8.3.3 Trihydrate Aluminum Oxide
8.3.4 Molybdenum Compounds
8.4 Reactive Flame-Retardant Resins
8.4.1 Chlorine-Containing Structural Units
8.4.2 Bromine-Containing Structural Units
8.5 Combustibility Test Methods
8.5.1 Oxygen Index Test — ASTM D2863
8.5.2 Flame Spread Speed Test
8.5.3 Other Test Methods
9. Vinylester Resins
9.1 Resin Synthesis
9.2 Effects of Molecular Structure on Properties
9.3 Different Varieties of Vinylester Resins
9.3.1 Basic Vinylester Resin
9.3.2 Sheet Molding Compound
9.3.3 Epoxy Clear Coat Vinylester Resin for High Temperature
9.3.4 Flame-Retardant Resin
9.3.5 Radiation Cured Vinylester Resin
9.3.6 Ethyl Carbamate Vinylester Resin
9.3.7 Rubber-Modified Vinylester Resin
9.4 Resin Curing
9.5 Crosslinking Monomers
9.6 Main Properties
9.6.1 Comparison of Properties of Various Vinylester Resins
9.6.2 Viscosity
9.6.3 Effects of Elongation on Properties of Laminated Materials
Part 2: Application of Unsaturated Polyester Resins
10. Varieties of Unsaturated Polyester Resins
10.1 General Resin
10.2 Gelcoat Resin
10.3 Chemical-Resistant Resin
10.3.1 Types of Chemical-Resistant Resin
10.3.2 Isophthalic Chemical-Resistant Resin
10.3.3 Bisphenol A Chemical-Resistant Resin
10.3.4 Vinylester Resin
10.4 Flame-Retardant Resin
10.5 Casting Resin
10.5.1 Button Resin
10.5.2 Coating Resin
10.5.3 Large-Scale Casting Resin
10.6 Flexible Resin
10.7 Transparent Sheet Resin
10.8 Artificial Marble and Artificial Agate Resin
10.9 Resin for Mold, Press, and Extrusion
10.10 Resin for Sheet Molding Compound and Bulk Molding Compound
10.11 Foam Polyester Resin
10.12 Low-Volatility Resin
10.13 Special Purpose Resin
10.14 Food-Contact Grade Resin
10.14.1 Main Raw Materials Allowable for Unsaturated Polyester Resin
10.14.2 Various Additives and Auxiliary Materials Required for Resin Production Process and Product Application Properties
10.14.3 Inspection Requirements
11. Reinforcement Materials, Fillers, and Other Additives
11.1 Glass Fiber
11.1.1 Reinforcement Effect of Glass Fiber on Unsaturated Polyester
11.1.2 Manufacturing Method of Glass Fiber
11.1.3 Composition and Properties of Glass Fiber
11.1.4 Fiber Diameter and Yarn Fineness
11.1.5 Glass Fiber Products and Designations
11.1.6 Glass Fiber Impregnating Agent
11.1.7 Polyester Resin Emulsion for Glass Fiber Impregnating Agent
11.1.8 Various Products of Glass Fiber
11.2 Other Fiber-Reinforced Materials
11.2.1 Carbon Fiber
11.2.2 Aromatic Polyamide Fiber
11.2.3 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber
11.2.4 PBO Fiber
11.2.5 Other Reinforcing Fibers
11.3 Fillers
11.3.1 Calcium Carbonate
11.3.2 Clay and Silicates
11.3.3 Flame-Retardant Fillers
11.3.4 Lightweight Fillers
11.3.5 Surface Treatment of Fillers
11.4 Pigments
11.5 Various Specialty Additives
11.5.1 Thixotropic Additives
11.5.2 Surface Shaping Agents
11.5.3 Light Stabilizers
11.5.4 Coupling Agents
11.6 Sandwich Materials
11.6.1 Lightweight Wood
11.6.2 Foam Plastic
11.6.3 Honeycomb Structure
11.7 Application of Nanotechnology in Unsaturated Polyester Resins
12. Properties and Design Calculations of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester
12.1 Fiber-Reinforcement Mechanism of Polyester Resin
12.1.1 Comparison of Properties of Two Materials
12.1.2 Requirements for Fiber and Resin Matrix
12.1.3 Interface Between Two Materials
12.1.4 Effects of Different Impregnating Agents on Composite Material Properties
12.2 Properties of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester
12.2.1 Mechanical Properties
12.2.2 Thermal Properties
12.2.3 Chemical Resistance
12.2.4 Durability
12.2.5 Effects of Glass Fiber Content on Composite Material Properties
12.2.6 Effects of Glass Fiber Distribution on Composite Material Properties
12.2.7 Effects of Temperature on Composite Material Properties
12.3 Principles of Product Design
12.3.1 Material Selection
12.3.2 Process Method Selection
12.3.3 Several Issues to Pay Attention to in Design
12.4 Approximate Calculation of Strength
12.4.1 Strength Calculation of Unidirectional Continuous Fiber Composite Materials
12.4.2 Strength Calculation of Planar Bidirectional Perpendicular Distribution Continuous Fiber Composite Materials
12.4.3 Strength Calculation of Randomly Distributed Short Fiber Composite Materials
12.4.4 Relative Density of Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Materials
12.4.5 Approximate Nature of the Mix Law
12.5 Design and Calculation of Cylindrical Structures
12.5.1 Rationally Determining the Safety Factor of Composite Materials
12.5.2 Mechanical Calculation of Cylindrical Structures
12.5.3 Design of Glass Fiber Structure
13. Mold Manufacturing and Demolding Treatment
13.1 Mold Selection
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Author: Shen Kaiyou
Publisher:
Publishing Time: 2005-05-01
Features: Based on the recent development of unsaturated polyester resins and their varieties such as fiberglass, artificial marble, and artificial agate, this book elaborates in detail on the principles, processes, and applications of unsaturated polyester resin production. The first part systematically introduces the chemical reactions, formulation design, and production processes of unsaturated polyester resins, with a focus on the roles of initiators, accelerators, and inhibitors, as well as flame-retardant resins and vinyl ester resins. The second part covers the varieties of unsaturated polyester resins, the composite mechanisms and properties of composite materials, the design and production methods of products and molds, with a focus on the production processes of various fiberglass products, artificial marble, and artificial agate, as well as a detailed discussion of the fundamental theory, properties, and molding methods of sheet molding compound (SMC) and bulk molding compound (BMC). It also includes on-site resin construction, safe operation, testing standards for raw materials and resins. Additionally, it highlights surface treatment of fiberglass and its application technologies, as well as the design and calculation methods for fiberglass-reinforced materials. This book is suitable for technical personnel in production, research, and design departments, as well as for students and teachers in relevant fields of higher education institutions.
Table of Contents:
Part 1: Production Process of Unsaturated Polyester Resins
1. Introduction
1.1 General Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resins
1.2 Development Status of Unsaturated Polyester
1.3 Overview of Technological Development of Unsaturated Polyester
1.4 Basic Concepts
1.4.1 Degree of Functionality
1.4.2 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting
4.1.3 Addition Polymerization and Condensation Polymerization
1.4.4 Crosslinking, Initiator
1.4.5 Accelerator
1.4.6 Polymerization Degree
1.4.7 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
2. Main Raw Materials Used in Unsaturated Polyester
2.1 Unsaturated Binary Acids
2.1.1 Maleic Anhydride
2.1.2 Fumaric Acid
24.2 Saturated Binary Acids
2.2.1 Phthalic Anhydride
2.2.2 Isophthalic Acid
2.2.3 Terephthalic Acid
2.2.4 Adipic Acid
2.2.5 Tetrachlorophthalic Anhydride
2.2.6 Tetra-bromophthalic Anhydride
2.2.7 Bis(bridge methylene)tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride
2.2.8 Hexachlorobis(bridge methylene)phthalic Anhydride
2.3 Binary Alcohols
2.3.1 Propylene Glycol
2.3.2 Ethylene Glycol
2.3.3 Diethylene Glycol
2.3.4 Triethylene Glycol
2.3.5 Neopentyl Glycol
2.3.6 Bromine-Substituted Neopentyl Glycol
2.3.7 Bisphenol A Derivatives
2.3.8 Hydrogenated Bisphenol A
2.3.9 Allyl Alcohol
2.4 Crosslinking Monomers
2.4.1 Styrene
2.4.2 Other Phenyl Vinyl Derivatives
2.4.3 Diallyl Phthalate
2.4.4 Methyl Methacrylate
2.4.5 Triallyl Cyanurate
3. Formulation Design of Unsaturated Polyester
3.1 Structure Design of General Unsaturated Polyester Molecular Chain
3.1.1 Formation of Polyester Molecular Chain
3.1.2 Use of Crosslinking Agents
3.1.3 Formulation of General Polyester Resin
3.1.4 Variations of General Polyester
34. Selection of Main Structural Components
3.2.1 Unsaturated Binary Acids
3.2.2 Saturated Binary Acids
4.3.3 Binary Alcohols
3.2.4 Crosslinking Monomers
3.3 Requirements of Component and Structure for Product Performance
3.3.1 Mechanical Properties
3.3.2 Flexibility
3.3.3 Crystallinity
3.3.4 Thermal Stability
3
Author: Shen Kaiyou
Publisher:
Publishing Time: 2005-05-01
Features: Based on the recent development of unsaturated polyester resins and their varieties such as fiberglass, artificial marble, and artificial agate, this book elaborates in detail on the principles, processes, and applications of unsaturated polyester resin production. The first part systematically introduces the chemical reactions, formulation design, and production processes of unsaturated polyester resins, with a focus on the roles of initiators, accelerators, and inhibitors, as well as flame-retardant resins and vinyl ester resins. The second part covers the varieties of unsaturated polyester resins, the composite mechanisms and properties of composite materials, the design and production methods of products and molds, with a focus on the production processes of various fiberglass products, artificial marble, and artificial agate, as well as a detailed discussion of the fundamental theory, properties, and molding methods of sheet molding compound (SMC) and bulk molding compound (BMC). It also includes on-site resin construction, safe operation, testing standards for raw materials and resins. Additionally, it highlights surface treatment of fiberglass and its application technologies, as well g