Water treatment technology and engineering examples of drinking water

Author: Liu Hongyuan Zhang Yan
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2005-04-01
Features: This book takes drinking water treatment processes as the main line, comprehensively discussing drinking water enhanced treatment technologies. The book is divided into 8 chapters. First, it elaborates on the general situation of water resources, the current pollution status of surface water and groundwater, and introduces conventional drinking water treatment processes, pointing out the limitations of conventional water treatment processes due to the increasingly severe pollution of source water and the continuous improvement of drinking water quality requirements. Subsequently, it discusses in detail the enhanced treatment processes for drinking water targeting the pollution status of surface water and groundwater, mainly including the treatment technology for low-temperature, low-turbidity water, the removal of organic pollutants from micro-polluted surface water, the removal processes of increasingly common pollutants such as iron, manganese ions, and nitrates in groundwater, as well as seawater desalination technology. This book can serve as a reference for researchers, designers, and operation management personnel engaged in water supply treatment, as well as a reference book for undergraduate and graduate students in water supply and drainage and environmental engineering.
Introduction This book takes drinking water treatment processes as the main line, comprehensively discussing drinking water enhanced treatment technologies. The book is divided into 8 chapters. First, it elaborates on the general situation of water resources, the current pollution status of surface water and groundwater, and introduces conventional drinking water treatment processes, pointing out the limitations of conventional water treatment processes due to the increasingly severe pollution of source water and the continuous improvement of drinking water quality requirements. Subsequently, it discusses in detail the enhanced treatment processes for drinking water targeting the pollution status of surface water and groundwater, mainly including the treatment technology for low-temperature, low-turbidity water, the removal of organic pollutants from micro-polluted surface water, the removal processes of increasingly common pollutants such as iron, manganese ions, and nitrates in groundwater, as well as seawater desalination technology. This book can serve as a reference for researchers, designers, and operation management personnel engaged in water supply treatment, as well as a reference book for undergraduate and graduate students in water supply and drainage and environmental engineering.
Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Water Resources 1.2 The Universality of Water Resource Pollution 3 1.3 The Hazards of Water Quality Pollution 4 1.3.1 The Impact of Micro-Polluted Water Resource Environment on Conventional Water Purification Process Systems and Water Quality 4 1.3.2 Drinking Water Source Pollution and Health 5 1.4 Water Pollution and Drinking Water Quality Standards 5 1.5 Overview of Main Technologies for Drinking Water Enhanced Treatment 6 1.5.1 Enhanced Traditional Processes 7 1.5.2 Adsorption Processes 7 1.5.3 Chemical Oxidation Technology 7 1.5.4 Biological Treatment Technology 8 1.5.5 Biological Remediation Technology 8 1.5.6 Seawater Desalination Technology 9 2 Principles and Technology of Drinking Water Treatment 10 2.1 Objects of Removal in Traditional Drinking Water Treatment Processes 10 2.2 Stability of Colloids 11 2.3 Coagulation Mechanism 13 2.4 Coagulation Agents and Coagulation Equipment 15 2.4.1 Coagulation Agents 16 2.4.2 Flocculants 19 2.4.3 Common Coagulation Equipment 20 2.5 Sedimentation 24 2.5.1 Theoretical Basis of Sedimentation 24 2.5.2 Determination of Flow Stability in Sedimentation Ponds 27 2.5.3 Forms of Sedimentation Equipment or Structures 27 2.6 Clarification Ponds 30 2.7 Filtration 31 2.7.1 Basic Theory of Filtration 31 2.7.2 Filtration Equipment and Structures 32 2.8 Disinfection 36 2.8.1 Chlorine Disinfection Principle 37 2.8.2 Chloramine, Bleaching Powder, and Sodium Hypochlorite Disinfection Principle 38 3 Enhancement of Conventional Processes 39 3.1 Enhancement of Coagulation 39 3.1.1 Research Progress in Coagulation Dynamics 39 3.1.2 Advances in Coagulation Technology 43 3.1.3 Development of Coagulation Agents and Flocculants 46 3.1.4 Research Progress in Automatic Dosing Technology 51 3.2 Enhancement of Sedimentation 59 3.2.1 Research on Sedimentation Theory 60 3.2.2 Development of Inclined Plate and Tube Sedimentation Ponds 61 3.3 Enhancement of Filtration 64 3.3.1 Factors Affecting Filtration Efficiency 64 3.3.2 Filtration Methods 74 3.3.3 Application of Slow Sand Filters 76 3.3.4 Biological Activated Filtration 77 3.3.5 Magnetic Filtration Technology 83 3.3.6 Membrane Filtration Facilities 84 3.4 Enhancement of Disinfection 84 3.4.1 ClO2 Disinfection 85 3.4.2 Ozone (O3) Disinfection 87 3.4.3 Ultraviolet Disinfection 88 4 Treatment Technology for Micro-Polluted Surface Water 90 4.1 Current Status and Hazards of Surface Water Resource Pollution 90 4.1.1 Organic Pollutants in Micro-Polluted Water Bodies 90 4.1.2 Main Hazards of Micro-Polluted Source Water 92 4.2 Pre-Treatment Technology for Micro-Polluted Water Bodies 96 4.2.1 Reservoir Storage 96 4.2.2 Adsorption Pre-Treatment Technology 97 4.2.3 Air Stripping Method 98 4.2.4 Chemical Oxidation Pre-Treatment Technology 99 4.2.5 Biological Pre-Treatment Technology 101 4.3 Deep Treatment Technology for Micro-Polluted Water Bodies 114 4.3.1 Biological Activated Carbon Deep Treatment Technology 114 4.3.2 Ozone-Biological Activated Carbon (O3-BAC) Combined Deep Treatment Technology 117 4.3.3 Membrane Deep Treatment Technology 122 4.4 New Technologies for Treating Micro-Polluted Water Bodies 124 4.4.1 Photocatalytic Oxidation 124 4.4.2 High-Gradient Magnetic Filtration Technology 127 4.4.3 In-Situ Remediation Technology 130 4.4.4 Biological Activated Filter 130 4.5 Summary 131 5 Main Removal Technologies for Micro-Polluted Groundwater 133 5.1 Current Status and Pathways of Groundwater Pollution 133 5.1.1 Overview of Groundwater Resource Utilization 133 5.1.2 Current Status of Groundwater Pollution 137 5.1.3 Pathways of Groundwater Pollution 138 5.2 Prevention and Control of Groundwater Pollution 141 5.3 In-Situ Remediation Technology 142 5.3.1 Overview of In-Situ Remediation Technology 142 5.3.2 Methods of In-Situ Remediation Technology 143 5.3.3 Factors Affecting In-Situ Remediation Technology 146 5.4 Iron and Manganese Removal Technology 147 5.4.1 Pollution and Hazards of Iron and Manganese in Groundwater 148 5.4.2 Theory and Technology of Iron Removal 149 5.4.3 Theory and Technology of Manganese Removal 154 5.4.4 Biological Iron and Manganese Removal 158 5.4.5 Problems and Developments 163 5.4.6 Examples of Biological Iron and Manganese Removal 164 5.5 Nitrate Removal Technology 166 5.5.1 Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater 166 5.5.2 Hazards of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater 167 5.5.3 Sources of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater 168 5.5.4 Main Technologies for Nitrate Removal in Groundwater 171 5.6 Organic Matter Removal Technology 191 5.6.1 Extraction-Treatment System 193 5.6.2 Hydraulic Isolation System 194 5.6.3 Groundwater Aeration Technology 194 5.6.4 Permeable Reactive Barrier Method 198 6 Theoretical Basis and Technology for Low-Temperature, Low-Turbidity Water Treatment 203 6.1 Characteristics of Low-Temperature, Low-Turbidity Water 203 6.2 Difficulties in Low-Temperature, Low-Turbidity Water Treatment 205 6.2.1 Effect of Low Temperature on Flocculation 205 6.2.2 Effect of Low Temperature on Coagulant Hydrolysis Rate 205 6.2.3 Effect of Low Temperature on Sedimentation Efficiency 205 6.2.4 Effect of Low Temperature on Filtration 206 6.2.5 Effect of Low Turbidity on Coagulation 206 6.2.6 Effect of Organic Matter 206 6.3 Theoretical Basis and Technology for Low-Temperature, Low-Turbidity Water Treatment 207 6.3.1 Research on Coagulants and Flocculants 207 6.3.2 Theoretical Discussion on Improving Coagulation Efficiency 209 6.3.3 Technology for Improving Treatment Efficiency 211 7 Seawater Desalination Technology 217 7.1 Overview of Seawater Desalination 217 7.1.1 Significance of Seawater Desalination 217 7.1.2 Feasibility of Seawater Desalination 219 7.2 Current Status and Development of Seawater Desalination Technology 219 7.2.1 Application of Seawater Desalination Technology 219 7.2.2 Overview of Seawater Desalination Technology 221 7.3 Distillation Methods 223 7.3.1 Multi-Effect Evaporation 224 7.3.2 Multi-Stage Flash Evaporation 225 7.3.3 Air-Compression Distillation 226 7.4 Electrodialysis Technology 227 7.5 Reverse Osmosis Method 230 7.5.1 Principle of Reverse Osmosis 230 7.5.2 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Modules 231 7.5.3 Application of Reverse Osmosis 233 7.6 Membrane Distillation Technology 234 7.7 Solar Seawater Desalination 236 7.8 Other Technologies for Seawater Desalination 238 7.8.1 Other Technologies for Seawater Desalination 238 7.8.2 Development of Resource and Energy Integrated Systems for Seawater Utilization 238 7.8.3 New Processes Combining Power Generation, Desalination, Salt Production, and Other Product Recovery 239 7.9 Pre-Treatment Technology for Seawater Desalination 240 7.9.1 Pre-Treatment Technology 241 7.9.2 Selection of Pre-Treatment Technology 243 7.10 Theoretical Energy Consumption of Seawater Desalination 245 8 Engineering Examples 247 8.1 Biological Contact Oxidation Pre-Treatment Process of Shijuyang Waterworks 247 8.1.1 Project Overview 247 8.1.2 Design Parameters and Main Equipment of Pre-Treatment Ponds 247 8.1.3 Operation Results 248 8.2 Expansion Design of Jilin CityCompany No. 2 Waterworks 249 8.2.1 Project Overview 249 8.2.2 Process Introduction 249 8.2.3 Operation Status 250 8.3 250 8.3.1 Characteristics of Low-Temperature, Low-Turbidity, High-Alkalinity Water 250 8.3.2 Technical Transformation 251 8.3.3 Operation Status 251 8.4 Application of Flotation Technology in Reservoir Water Treatment 251 8.4.1 Project Overview 251 8.4.2 Water Quality Characteristics of Wohushan Reservoir 251 8.4.3 Process Design 252 8.4.4 Operation Status of Flotation Ponds 252 8.5 Application of Potassium Permanganate-Powdered Activated Carbon Combined Process in Micro-Polluted Source Water Treatment 253 8.5.1 Overview 253 8.5.2 Modified Production Process Flow 254 8.5.3 Operation Status 254 8.6 Shengshan 500m3/d Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination Demonstration Project 255 8.6.1 Project Overview 255 8.6.2 Overall Design and Equipment Development 256 8.6.3 Operation Status 258 8.6.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis 258 References 260