Steel structure connection methods and technology

Author: Wang Guofan
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2005-04-01
Features: This book systematically introduces the organization and performance of bolted connections, riveting, and fusion welded joints in steel structures, as well as the metallurgical defects of fusion welding, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), carbon dioxide gas-shielded arc welding (GMAW), tungsten inert gas welding (TIG), and flux-cored arc welding (FCAW). It also covers the principles of brazing connections, friction welding methods and processes, and stud welding in steel structures. During the writing process, the book adheres to the principle of combining scientific rigor with practicality, using engineering examples as a foundation to explain concepts in an accessible manner. It provides guidance for engineering design and production technicians in steel structure projects and can also serve as a textbook for relevant majors in colleges and universities.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Bolted Connections in Steel Structures
1.1 Overview
1.2 Ordinary Bolted Connections
1.2.1 Ordinary Bolts
1.2.2 Nuts
1.2.3 Washers
1.3 Construction of Ordinary Bolted Connections
1.3.1 Permanent Bolted Connections
1.3.2 Selection of Bolt Diameter and Length
1.3.3 Bolt Holes
1.3.4 Basic Forms of Bolted Connections
1.3.5 Bolt Arrangement
1.3.6 Bolt Assembly and Inspection
1.4 High-Strength Bolted Connections
1.4.1 Types of High-Strength Bolts
1.4.2 Structural Requirements for High-Strength Bolted Connections
1.4.3 General Provisions and Methods for High-Strength Bolted Connection Construction
1.4.4 Friction Surfaces for High-Strength Bolts
1.4.5 Main Inspection Items for High-Strength Bolted Connection Assemblies
1.4.6 Storage and Handling Requirements for High-Strength Bolted Connection Assemblies
1.5 Requirements for Bolted Connections
1.5.1 Position of Bolt Holes
1.5.2 Requirements for Bolt Holes
1.6 Preloading and Locking of Threaded Connections
1.6.1 Preloading
1.6.2 Locking
1.7 Measures to Enhance the Strength of Bolted Connections
1.7.1 Reducing Stress Range in Bolts
1.7.2 Improving Load Distribution Between Threaded Teeth
1.7.3 Reducing Stress Concentration and Additional Stress
Chapter 2: Riveting in Steel Structures
2.1 General Requirements for Rivet Connections
2.1.1 Requirements for Rivet Connections
2.1.2 Process Design Requirements
2.2 Riveting Process
2.2.1 Basic Riveting Procedure
2.2.2 Common Types of Rivets
2.2.3 Types of Riveting
2.2.4 Basic Forms of Riveting
2.2.5 Preparation of Rivet Holes
2.2.6 Selection and Arrangement of Rivet Diameters
2.2.7 Rivet Preparation
2.3 Rivet Connection Calculations
2.3.1 Rivet Force Calculation
2.3.2 Calculation of Cross-Sectional Area of Tensile Members
2.3.3 Shear Strength Calculation
2.4 Common Equipment and Inspection for Riveting
2.4.1 Hole-Piercing Equipment
2.4.2 Press Riveting and Hammer Riveting Equipment
2.4.3 Riveting Inspection
Chapter 3: Organization and Performance of Fusion Welded Joints in Steel Structures
3.1 Organization and Performance of Weld Metal in Steel Structures
3.1.1 Crystallization of Weld Metal
3.1.2 Microstructure and Performance of Weld Metal
3.1.3 Control of Weld Metal Properties
3.2 Organization and Performance of the Heat-Affected Zone in Welding
3.2.1 Organizational Transformation in the Heat-Affected Zone
3.2.2 Organizational Distribution in the Heat-Affected Zone
3.2.3 Performance of the Heat-Affected Zone
Chapter 4: Metallurgical Defects in Fusion Welding of Steel Structures
4.1 Porosity
4.1.1 Types and Distribution Characteristics
4.1.2 Formation Mechanism
4.1.3 Factors Affecting Porosity Formation and Control Measures
4.2 Welding Heat Cracks
4.2.1 Solidification Cracks
4.2.2 Near-Forge Zone Liquid Cracks
4.2.3 Polygonization Cracks
4.3 Cold Cracks
4.3.1 Characteristics
4.3.2 Formation Mechanism
4.3.3 Prevention
4.4 Introduction to Other Welding Cracks
4.4.1 Reheat Cracks
4.4.2 Layer Cracks
4.4.3 Stress Corrosion Cracks
Chapter 5: Shielded Metal Arc Welding in Steel Structures
5.1 Basic Process of Shielded Metal Arc Welding
5.1.1 Basic Knowledge of Shielded Metal Arc Welding
5.1.2 Welding Protection
5.1.3 Static Characteristics of Arc and External Characteristics of Power Supply
5.1.4 Types of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Power Supplies
5.2 Welding Joints and Welds in Shielded Metal Arc Welding
5.2.1 Joint Types
5.2.2 Grooves
5.3 Classification of Welds
5.4 Welding Electrodes
5.4.1 Composition and Function
5.4.2 Classification
5.4.3 Arrangement Method of Electrode Models and Selection of Electrodes
5.4.4 Inspection
5.5 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process
5.5.1 Preparation Before Welding
5.5.2 Temperature Distribution and Application of DC Power Supply Welding Arc
5.5.3 Welding Process Parameters
5.5.4 Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Chapter 6: Submerged Arc Welding in Steel Structures
6.1 Principle and Characteristics of Submerged Arc Welding
6.1.1 Working Principle
6.1.2 Characteristics
6.1.3 Applications
6.2 Metallurgical Characteristics of Submerged Arc Welding
6.2.1 Main Metallurgical Reactions of Acid Flux Low-Carbon Steel Submerged Arc Welding
6.2.2 Electric Chemical Reactions in Alkali Flux and Submerged Arc Welding Process
6.2.3 Characteristics of Metallurgical Reactions in Fused Flux Submerged Arc Welding
6.3 Welding Wires for Submerged Arc Welding in Steel Structures
6.3.1 Classification
6.3.2 Selection
6.4 Welding Flux for Submerged Arc Welding in Steel Structures
6.4.1 Requirements
6.4.2 Classification
6.4.3 Models
6.4.4 Matching with Welding Wires
6.4.5 Examples of Selection
6.5 Submerged Arc Welding Process
6.5.1 Equipment Configuration
6.5.2 Groove Forms of Joints
6.5.3 Welding Process Parameters
6.5.4 Welding Defects and Prevention Measures
6.6 High-Efficiency Submerged Arc Welding Methods
6.6.1 Multi-Wire Submerged Arc Welding
6.6.2 Electrodeless Submerged Arc Welding
6.6.3 Narrow Gap Submerged Arc Welding
6.6.4 Filler Metal Submerged Arc Welding
6.7 Submerged Arc Welding of Typical Steel Structures
Chapter 7: Carbon Dioxide Gas-Shielded Arc Welding in Steel Structures
7.1 Principle and Applications of Carbon Dioxide Gas-Shielded Arc Welding
7.1.1 Principle
7.1.2 Characteristics and Applications
7.1.3 Droplet Transition
7.2 Metallurgical Characteristics of Carbon Dioxide Welding
7.2.1 Oxidation and Deoxidation of Alloy Elements
7.2.2 Porosity and Prevention Measures
7.2.3 Gas and Welding Wire
7.3 Spatter and Prevention Measures in Carbon Dioxide Arc Welding
7.3.1 Spatter Mechanism
7.3.2 Measures to Reduce Spatter
7.4 Welding Process of Carbon Dioxide Arc Welding
7.4.1 Short-Circuit Transition Welding Process
7.4.2 Fine-Droplet Transition Welding Process
7.5 Special Carbon Dioxide Arc Welding
7.5.1 Flux-Cored Wire Carbon Dioxide Arc Welding
7.5.2 Carbon Dioxide Arc Spot Welding
7.5.3 Slag-Gas Shielded Arc Welding
7.5.4 Carbon Dioxide Narrow Gap Welding
7.6 Carbon Dioxide Gas-Shielded Arc Welding of Typical Steel Structures
7.6.1 Welding Wheels
7.6.2 Welding Motorcycles
Chapter 8: Tungsten Inert Gas Welding in Steel Structures
8.1 Characteristics and Applications of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding
8.2 Tungsten Electrode and Its Shape
8.2.1 Tungsten Electrode Material
8.2.2 Influence of Tungsten Electrode Diameter and Shape on Welding Arc
8.3 Argon Gas and Welding Gun
8.3.1 Characteristics of Argon Gas Protection
8.3.2 Welding Gun
8.3.3 Gas Supply System and Water Cooling System
8.4 Current Types and Polarity of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding in Steel Structures
8.4.1 DC Welding and AC Welding
8.4.2 Low-Frequency Pulse Welding
8.4.3 High-Frequency Pulse Welding
8.5 Tungsten Inert Gas Welding Process
8.5.1 Conventional Tungsten Inert Gas Welding Process
8.5.2 Pulse Tungsten Inert Gas Welding Process
8.6 Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of Typical Steel Structures
Chapter 9: Flux-Cored Arc Welding in Steel Structures
9.1 Principle and Characteristics of Flux-Cored Arc Welding
9.2 Droplet Transition in Flux-Cored Arc Welding
9.2.1 Short-Circuit Transition
9.2.2 Spray Transition
9.3 Mixed Gas and Welding Wire for Flux-Cored Arc Welding
9.3.1 Forms and Characteristics of Mixed Gas
9.3.2 Welding Wire
9.4 Flux-Cored Arc Welding Process
9.4.1 Pre-Weld Preparation
9.4.2 Selection of Welding Process Parameters
Chapter 10: Brazing Connection Principles in Steel Structures
10.1 Basic Characteristics of Brazing Connections
10.2 Wetting, Spreading, and Filling of Molten Brazing Material and Solid Base Material
10.2.1 Wetting and Spreading of Brazing Material
10.2.2 Capillary Filling of Brazing Material
10.2.3 Factors Affecting Wetting and Filling Characteristics of Brazing Material
10.2.4 Evaluation of Wetting and Filling Characteristics of Brazing Material
10.3 Mechanism of Removing Oxide Films on Metal Surfaces and Role of Brazing Flux
10.3.1 Oxide Films on Metal Base Material Surfaces and Their Removal Mechanism
10.3.2 Role of Brazing Flux
10.4 Interaction Between Molten Brazing Material and Solid Base Material
10.4.1 Dissolution of Solid Base Material into Molten Brazing Material
10.4.2 Diffusion of Brazing Material Components into Base Material
10.5 Brazing Material, Brazing Flux, and Their Selection
10.5.1 Brazing Material and Its Selection
10.5.2 Brazing Flux and Its Selection
10.5.3 Matching of Brazing Flux and Brazing Material
10.6 Brazing Process and Joint Quality Control in Steel Structures
10.6.1 Brazing Methods
10.6.2 Brazing Process Procedure
10.6.3 Brazing Joint Forms
10.6.4 Brazing Joint Gaps
10.6.5 Heating, Soaking, and Cooling of Workpieces
10.7 Brazing Defects in Steel Structures
Chapter 11: Resistance Welding Methods and Processes in Steel Structures
11.1 Overview
11.2 Spot Welding
11.2.1 Current Field Distribution During Spot Welding
11.2.2 Resistance During Spot Welding
11.2.3 Temperature Field and Heating Characteristics During Spot Welding
11.2.4 Spot Welding Process Analysis
11.2.5 Spot Welding Process Parameters and Their Interrelationships
11.2.6 Special Issues in Spot Welding
11.3 Seam Welding
11.3.1 Classification and Characteristics of Seam Welding
11.3.2 Seam Welding Process Characteristics
11.3.3 Seam Welding Process Parameters
11.4 Butt Welding
11.4.1 Resistance Butt Welding
11.4.2 Flash Butt Welding
11.5 Resistance Welding Joint Quality and Inspection
11.5.1 Main Quality Issues
11.5.2 Quality Inspection
11.6 Resistance Welding of Typical Steel Structures
Chapter 12: Friction Welding Methods and Processes
12.1 Basic Principle and Characteristics of Friction Welding
12.1.1 Principle
12.1.2 Characteristics
12.2 Classification of Friction Welding
12.3 Analysis of Friction Welding Process
12.3.1 Welding Process
12.3.2 Characteristics of Heat Source
12.4 Friction Welding Process
12.4.1 Joint Design for Friction Welding
12.4.2 Parameters of Continuous Drive Friction Welding
12.4.3 Parameters of Inertia Friction Welding
12.5 Defects and Inspection of Friction Welding Joints
12.5.1 Defects
12.5.2 Non-Destructive Testing
Chapter 13: Stud Welding
13.1 Classification of Stud Welding
13.2 Stud Welding Process
13.2.1 Stud Welding Process
13.2.2 Stud Nail Shape and Size
13.2.3 Ceramic Ferrule
13.2.4 Stud Welding Process Parameters
13.3 Fusion Welding Stud Welding Machines
13.4 Quality Requirements and Inspection Methods for Fusion Welding Stud Nails
References