What are the causes of orchitis?

Patient's question:

The left testicle is several times larger than the right one. I don't know what caused it. I went to the hospital for a thorough examination, and the doctor said my condition is testitis. I've been on a few drips, and it has improved a bit, but it hasn't fully healed yet. What are the causes of testitis?

Doctor's answer:

Testicular often recurs following urethritis and cystitis. The common causative pathogens include Escherichia coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The transmission routes are primarily divided into hematogenous transmission, direct transmission, and lymphatic transmission. Clinical diagnosis mainly manifests as pain radiating to the ipsilateral inguinal region and lower abdomen, accompanied by chills, high fever, and gastrointestinal symptoms. It is also necessary to rule out epididymitis, where the boundaries between the epididymis, testis, and epididymis become unclear, the epididymis becomes hardened, and the vas deferens becomes thickened. Testicular tends to recur easily, requiring long-term oral medication.

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