Patient's question:
What antibodies cause female immune infertility?Doctor's answer:
1. Anti-sperm antibodies: Their occurrence is often associated with damage to the reproductive tract mucosa, coitus during menstruation, induced abortion, and reproductive tract infections.2. Anti-endometrial antibodies: Their occurrence is more related to the development of endometriosis. It is noteworthy that induced abortion may also lead to the presence of anti-endometrial antibodies.
3. Anti-phospholipid antibodies: Their occurrence can result in fetal death in utero, leading to miscarriage and ultimately causing infertility.
4. Anti-zona pellucida antibodies: Their presence can cause ovulation disorders or damage to the pre-implantation embryo, resulting in recurrent miscarriages.
5. Anti-trophoblast antibodies: Their occurrence can lead to miscarriage, thereby causing infertility.