What are the signs of pregnancy?

Patient's question:

What are the signs of pregnancy? For several days during ovulation, my husband took preventive measures, but I still feel uneasy. Lately, my lower back has been aching, and I wonder if I might be pregnant.
Other:
Detailed medical condition and purpose of consultation:

Doctor's answer:

(1) No menstrual period: Healthy women usually have their menstrual cycle every month. If it doesn't arrive on time, the first thing to consider is the possibility of pregnancy. Generally, if the period is delayed by two weeks, a doctor can roughly detect pregnancy signs; if it's delayed by a month, pregnancy is more likely to be confirmed. Some women, although pregnant, may still have one or two menstrual periods when it's time for their period. However, the menstrual blood is less than usual, and the duration is shorter. This is the most basic symptom of pregnancy.
(2) Changes in appetite: Some women begin to experience changes in their appetite shortly after their period is delayed (1–2 weeks). Foods they usually enjoy may no longer appeal to them. Once they eat something, they may not like it the second time. Some may feel little appetite or even nausea, while others may crave something sour. These symptoms usually disappear naturally after half a month to a month.
(3) Breast changes: In the early stages of pregnancy, breasts may enlarge slightly and become firmer and heavier. There may be a feeling of fullness and tenderness. The areolas around the nipples, which are dark yellow, may appear more prominent.
(4) Frequent urination: Many women experience frequent urination in the early stages of pregnancy, sometimes even once per hour. This is a natural phenomenon and does not require treatment.
(5) Fatigue: In the early stages of pregnancy, many women feel tired, lack energy, and want to sleep. However, this period is usually not too long and will pass quickly.

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