Pharmaceutical Chemistry Experiment

Author: Liu Fangmei
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2002-07-01
Features: This book is divided into eight parts: Experimental Precautions, Basic Knowledge, Physical Property Experiments of Drugs, Drug Spoilage Experiments, General Identification Experiments of Drugs, Qualitative Identification Experiments of Drugs, Special Impurity Examination Experiments of Drugs, Drug Preparation Experiments, and Appendices. When selecting experiments, the content is designed with the goal of cultivating applied senior talents in pharmacy in mind. The book includes a total of 36 experiments, each formatted as: Objective, Content, Principle, Reagents, Procedures, Notes, and Review Questions. This textbook can be used for pharmacy programs in ordinary higher vocational colleges, as well as for pharmaceutical staff training and reference by relevant pharmacy personnel.
Excerpt: Shun ν kěn yùn tǎng sǒu tòu pò bǐ biǎo tǎo jiǎo pín nò hū wēn pí?
(3) Fire First Aid In case of a fire, remain calm and extinguish all nearby flames immediately. Close the gas supply, cut off the power, and move away flammable materials. If a small amount of solvent (a few milliliters) catches fire, let it burn out. For solvent fires in bottles, cover them with a asbestos pad or wet cloth. For small fires on tables or the ground, use wet cloths or sand to extinguish them. Large fires should be addressed with fire extinguishers. Regardless of the type of fire extinguisher used, start by smothering the fire from the edges toward the center.
① Carbon Tetrachloride Fire Extinguisher: Used to extinguish fires in electrical equipment and nearby areas. Pull the pump continuously to spray carbon tetrachloride from the nozzle.
② Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher: Used to extinguish fires involving organic materials and electrical equipment. Hold the handle of the carbon dioxide (), but do not hold the horn itself to avoid frostbite (as the rapid release of carbon dioxide causes a sudden drop in pressure and temperature).
③ Foam Fire Extinguisher: Used to extinguish large fires. Invert the cylinder to allow the sodium bicarbonate solution and aluminum sulfate solution inside to react and produce carbon dioxide.
3. Electrical Injury Prevention and Treatment Do not use wet hands or handle wet objects when touching electrical plugs to prevent electrocution. After experiments, cut off the power before unplugging the equipment.
4. Reagent Burn Prevention and Treatment
(1) Burn Prevention When handling volatile liquids, wrap them in cloth and ensure the bottle opening points away from people to prevent splashes and injury. If the bottle cap is difficult to open, be cautious about the nature of the contents and avoid heating it with fire or forcefully tapping the cap.
(2) Burn Treatment
① Acid Burn: Rinse immediately with large amounts of water, then use a 3%–5% sodium bicarbonate solution to flush.
② Alkali Burn: Rinse first with large amounts of water, then use a 10% acetic acid solution to wipe the skin. Rinse the eyes with a saturated boric acid solution, and then rinse again with water to remove the acetic or boric acid.
5. Explosion Prevention and Treatment
(1) Do not add oxidizing agents to unrelated chemicals arbitrarily to avoid accidental explosions. Store organic chemicals and oxidizing agents separately.
(2) After vacuum distillation, do not release the pressure too quickly to prevent the pressure gauge from breaking.
(3) During atmospheric operations, ensure the entire setup has a path to the atmosphere. For high-pressure operations, frequently check if the pressure gauge exceeds the safe load.
(4) Use round-bottom flasks or suction flasks as receiving containers for vacuum distillation; avoid using conical flasks, as they are not pressure-resistant and may explode.
(5) Keep flammable and explosive gases away from ignition sources. Maintain good ventilation in the laboratory during experiments to prevent any sparks.
(6) Do not crush or tap explosive solids (e.g., dry nitrophenol, nitromethane, acetylene metal salts) to avoid accidental detonation. Discard residues properly.
(7) In synthesis experiments, wear protective goggles, gloves, and face masks for potentially hazardous procedures. (Liu Fangmei)
The Second Part: Basic Knowledge
I. Cleaning of Glassware
Develop the habit of "washing immediately after use," which everyone should follow. Residues left in flasks may erode the glass surface over time, and the longer washing is delayed, the deeper the interaction between residues and glass. Therefore, used instruments should be cleaned promptly, otherwise, washing will become much more difficult. For general cleaning, rinse first with tap water, then use detergent or laundry detergent. If alkaline or acidic residues remain, use acid or alkali solutions to treat them. If residues may dissolve in certain organic solvents, choose appropriate organic solvents (e.g., acetone) to dissolve them. For stubborn residues or attached to the glass walls, first wipe them with paper, then use a cleaning solution. Finally, rinse the cleaned instruments with tap water 2–3 times before use in synthesis experiments. Glassware used for purified products or organic analysis should be rinsed with distilled water 2–3 times after cleaning. Cleaned glassware should be clear, transparent, and fully wettable by water without water droplets. Cleaned glassware can be air-dried or dried using a hairdryer, airflow dryer, or oven.
II. Reagent Handling and Weighing
Before weighing reagents, first verify the product name and specifications on the label. Then, select an appropriate weighing method based on the reagent's properties. For macro-preparation experiments, use a general balance (accuracy 0.1g). For semi-micro-preparation, a balance with insufficient sensitivity may be needed, in which case a torsion balance (accuracy 0.01g) should be used. For organic quantitative analysis experiments, use an analytical balance for weighing (accuracy 0.001g).
1. Handling and Weighing of Solid Reagents
Solid reagents can be weighed using glass containers or weighing paper. Hygroscopic reagents should be quickly weighed in dry weighing bottles with lids.
2. Handling and Weighing of Liquid Reagents
General liquid reagents can be measured using graduated cylinders or weighed. For small quantities, use pipettes or burettes. For reagents with irritating odors or volatility, measure them in a fume hood.
III. Common Instruments and Apparatus
(1) Common Instruments
1. Glassware Figure 2–1 shows some common standard-ground glassware (also known as standard-mouth or ground glassware).