Railway Engineering Construction Technology Manual: Common Engineering Materials

Author: Chief Editor: Liu Qishan
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2001-07-01
Features: Brief Introduction This book provides technical data on common engineering materials for railway construction, including specifications, models, properties, selection conditions, and applicable ranges. The book is divided into nine chapters: Chapter 1 Steel and Iron Materials; Chapter 2 Railway Track Materials; Chapter 3 Wood; Chapter 4 Cement, Cement Products, and Concrete Admixtures; Chapter 5 Blasting Materials; Chapter 6 Petroleum Products; Chapter 7 Other Building Materials; Chapter 8 Construction Equipment; Chapter 9 Common Electrical Materials. There are 10 appendices at the end of the book. It is suitable for railway construction technicians, management personnel, material management personnel, as well as for reference by faculty and students of civil engineering colleges and universities.
Excerpt: Chapter 1 Steel and Iron Materials
Section 1 Classification and Uses of Steel
1. Classification
(1) General Classification
(2) Classification by Purpose
- Structural Steel: Steel used for building structures, machine parts, etc.
- Tool Steel: Steel used for tools, molds, measuring tools, etc.
- Special Purpose Steel: Steel used for special purposes and with special properties, such as stainless steel, acid-resistant steel, heat-resistant steel, and magnetic steel.
(3) Classification by Smelting Method
- Converter Steel: Divided into acid converter steel (Bessemer steel) and alkaline converter steel (Thomas steel) based on lining material; further classified by blowing method into bottom-blown converter steel, side-blown converter steel, and top-blown oxygen converter steel.
- Open-Hearth Steel: (Also known as Siemens-Martin steel) Divided into acid open-hearth steel and alkaline open-hearth steel based on lining material.
- Electric-Furnace Steel: Divided into acid electric-furnace steel and alkaline electric-furnace steel based on lining material.
(4) Classification by Deoxidation Degree Before Casting
- Boiling Steel: Steel with incomplete deoxidation. The upper part of the ingot has a shrinkage hole, and the interior contains many small dispersed bubbles (which can be eliminated during rolling). Its advantages are low loss and cost; disadvantages are severe compositional and property non-uniformity. Mainly used to produce ordinary low-carbon steel and high-quality low-carbon steel for building structures, general parts, or daily utensils.
- Killed Steel: Steel with complete deoxidation. The ingot has a dense and solid structure, but a deeper shrinkage hole at the top, resulting in higher loss during rolling. Except for some ordinary carbon steel and high-quality carbon structural steel, most are produced as killed steel.
- Semi-Killed Steel: Steel with a deoxidation degree and properties between killed steel and boiling steel. Mainly used to produce ordinary low-carbon steel or high-quality low-carbon steel for building structures or general parts.
(5) Classification by Chemical Composition
- Carbon Steel: An iron-carbon alloy containing less than 1.7% carbon and small amounts of manganese (not exceeding 1%), silicon (not exceeding 0.4%), sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, etc. Carbon steel can be further classified by carbon content into: low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel, and high-carbon steel.
- Alloy Steel: Steel containing, in addition to the elements in carbon steel, other elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium. Alloy steel can be further classified by the content of alloying elements into: low-alloy steel, medium-alloy steel, and high-alloy steel.
(6) Classification by Quality
- Ordinary Steel: Sulfur content not exceeding 0.055–0.065%; phosphorus content not exceeding 0.040–0.085%.
- High-Quality Steel: Sulfur content not exceeding 0.030–0.045%; phosphorus content not exceeding 0.035–0.040%.
- Premium High-Quality Steel: Sulfur content not exceeding 0.020–0.030%; phosphorus content not exceeding 0.027–0.035%.