Boiler operator

Author: Xiao Danfeng Lin Song
Publisher:
Publishing Date: 2005-05-01
Features: This book is one of the "Occupational Skill Qualification Training Readers (Advanced Worker)". Based on the "National Occupation Standard" and "Occupational Skill Qualification Specification", it systematically introduces the basic knowledge of fuel combustion principles, fluid mechanics, and electrical control related to boiler operation. Combining the characteristics of power station boilers, it focuses on explaining boiler equipment, boiler unit layout, boiler start-up and operation technology, as well as accident handling measures. It emphasizes new technologies and processes, providing a detailed introduction to the equipment and operation technology of circulating fluidized bed boilers. The book emphasizes the connection between theory and practice, making it highly instructive and operational. In terms of material selection, it strives for representativeness to achieve the goal of comprehensive understanding and application. This book can serve as a training textbook for advanced boiler workers, a reference for enterprise technical workers to improve their professional knowledge and skills, and also holds high reading value for students and teachers in professional schools.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge
1.1 Fluid Mechanics
1.1.1 Physical Properties of Fluids
1.1.2 Static Characteristics of Liquids
1.1.3 Hydrodynamic Properties
1.2 Heat Transfer
1.2.1 Conduction
1.2.2 Convective Heat Transfer
1.2.3 Radiation
1.2.4 Heat Exchange Process
1.3 Boiler Steel
1.3.1 Properties of Steel
1.3.2 Performance Changes of Steel at High Temperatures
1.3.3 Boiler Steel Pipe
1.3.4 Requirements for Boiler Drum Steel Plate
1.3.5 Effects of Metal Overheating and Overheating on Boiler Steel Pipe
1.4 Boiler Electrical System
1.4.1 Power System
1.4.2 Signal System
1.4.3 Interlock Test
Chapter 2 Introduction to Power Station Boilers
2.1 Working Principle and Composition of Boilers
2.1.1 Working Principle
2.1.2 Composition of Power Station Boiler Equipment
2.2 Classification and Models of Boilers
2.2.1 Boiler Capacity and Parameters
2.2.2 Classification of Boilers
2.2.3 Boiler Models
2.3 Combustion Methods and Safety/Economic Indicators of Boilers
2.3.1 Typical Combustion Methods of Boilers
2.3.2 Safety and Economic Indicators of Boilers
2.4 Introduction to Typical Boilers
2.4.1 Natural Circulation Boilers
2.4.2 Forced Circulation Boilers
2.4.3 Composite Circulation Boilers
Chapter 3 Fuel
3.1 Classification and Composition of Fuel
3.1.1 Classification of Fuel
3.1.2 Composition of Fuel (Coal)
3.1.3 Effects of Fuel Composition on Boilers
3.1.4 Fuel Composition Basis and Conversion
3.2 Coal Characteristics and Classification
3.2.1 Calorific Value
3.2.2 Properties of Ash
3.2.3 Classification of Coal
Chapter 4 Combustion Mechanism and Combustion Calculation
4.1 Basic Combustion Theory
4.1.1 Combustion Stages of Coal Powder
4.1.2 Combustion Speed and Combustion Degree
4.1.3 Conditions for Coal Powder Combustion
4.1.4 Combustion of Coal Powder Airflow and Enhancement Measures
4.2 Combustion Calculation
4.2.1 Air Demand for Combustion
4.2.2 Flue Gas Volume Generated by Combustion
4.2.3 Determining Excess Air Factor, Air Leakage, and Flue Gas Volume Based on Flue Gas Analysis
4.3 Boiler Efficiency and Small Indicator Assessment
4.3.1 Concept of Heat Balance
4.3.2 Boiler Thermal Efficiency
4.3.3 Factors Affecting Boiler Thermal Efficiency and Measures
4.3.4 Assessment of Boiler Small Indicators
Chapter 5 Steam Purification and Water Quality
5.1 Steam Purification
5.1.1 Overview
5.1.2 Equipment in the Boiler to Reduce Steam Carryover
5.1.3 Blowdown and Stage Evaporation
5.1.4 Steam-Water Separation
5.2 Water and Steam Quality Standards
5.2.1 Steam Quality Standard
5.2.2 Boiler Feedwater Quality
5.2.3 Steam Turbine Condensate Quality Standard
5.2.4 Boiler Water Quality Standard
5.2.5 Make-up Water Quality Standard
5.2.6 Feedwater Temperature Adjustment Water Quality Standard
5.2.7 Drainage and Process Water Quality Standard
5.2.8 District Heating Supplement Water Quality Standard
5.2.9 Cooling Water Quality Standard for Water-Cooled Generators
5.2.10 Water and Steam Quality Standards for Standby/Backup Unit Start-up
Chapter 6 Boiler Equipment
6.1 Steam-Water System
6.1.1 Evaporation Equipment
6.1.2 Economizer
6.1.3 Superheater and Reheater
6.2 Combustion System
6.2.1 Furnace of Pulverized Coal Boiler
6.2.2 Burner of Pulverized Coal Boiler
6.2.3 Ignition Device
6.2.4 Air Preheater
6.3 Boiler Refractory Wall
6.3.1 Function and Classification of Boiler Refractory Wall
6.3.2 Refractory Wall Structure
6.3.3 Boiler Framework
6.4 Auxiliary Equipment
6.5 Boiler Accessories
6.5.1 Safety Valve
6.5.2 Pressure Gauge
Chapter 7 Boiler Unit Layout
7.1 Factors Affecting Boiler Heat Transfer Surface Layout
7.2 Typical Layout of Boilers
Chapter 8 Pulverizing System and Auxiliary Equipment Operation Technology
8.1 Start-up and Shutdown of Pulverizing System Equipment
8.1.1 Pulverizing System
8.1.2 Pulverizing Equipment
8.1.3 Preparations for Pulverizing System Start-up
8.1.4 Pulverizing System Start-up
8.1.5 Pulverizing System Shutdown
8.1.6 Precautions During Pulverizing System Start-up and Shutdown
8.2 Operation and Maintenance of Pulverizing System
8.3 Economic Operation of Pulverizing System and Auxiliary Equipment
8.3.1 Operation of Ventilation Machinery
8.3.2 Economic Operation of Pulverizing System
8.4 Faults and Handling of Pulverizing Equipment and Auxiliary Equipment
8.4.1 Low-Speed Coal Mill Faults
8.4.2 Others
Chapter 9 Boiler Start-up
9.1 Inspection and Preparation Before Boiler Start-up
9.1.1 Pre-Start Inspection
9.1.2 Pre-Start Preparations
9.2 Boiler Water Addition and Ignition
9.2.1 Boiler Water Addition
9.2.2 Boiler Ignition
9.3 Heating and Pressure Raising
9.3.1 Heating and Pressure Raising
9.3.2 Protection of Equipment During Heating and Pressure Raising
9.4 Pipe Heating and Steam Admission
9.5 Boiler Start-up
9.5.1 Cold Start-up of Direct-Feed Boilers
9.5.2 Hot Start-up
Chapter 10 Boiler Operation Technology
10.1 Steam Pressure Regulation
10.2 Load Regulation
10.3 Regulation of Superheated Steam Temperature and Reheated Steam Temperature
10.3.1 Factors Affecting Superheated Steam Temperature
10.3.2 Effects on Reheated Steam Temperature
10.3.3 Basic Methods for Steam Temperature Regulation
10.4 Boiler Drum Water Level Regulation
10.4.1 Factors Affecting Boiler Drum Water Level Changes
10.4.2 Water Level Regulation
10.5 Combustion Regulation
10.5.1 Overview
10.5.2 Factors Affecting Combustion in the Furnace
10.5.3 Combustion Adjustment Principles During Load and Coal Quality Changes
10.5.4 Judgment and Regulation of Good Combustion Conditions
10.5.5 Regulation of Fuel Quantity
10.5.6 Regulation of Boiler Air Volume
10.5.7 Regulation of Burner Exit Wind Speed and Air Rate
10.6 Fouling, Corrosion, and Erosion of Heat Transfer Surfaces
10.6.1 Fouling and Soot on Heat Transfer Surfaces
10.6.2 Corrosion of Heat Transfer Surfaces
10.7 Blowdown, Ash Removal, Dust Removal, and Ash Disposal
Chapter 11 Boiler Accident Handling
11.1 Water Level Accidents
11.1.1 Boiler Overfilling
11.1.2 Boiler Water Shortage
11.1.3 Foaming and Boiling
11.1.4 Steam-Water Boiling
11.2 Heat Transfer Surface Damage
11.2.1 Rupture of Water-Cooled Wall Tubes
11.2.2 Damage to Economizer Tubes
11.2.3 Damage to Superheater and Reheater Tubes
11.3 Combustion Accidents
11.3.1 Judgment and Handling of Furnace Negative Pressure Fluctuation
11.3.2 Furnace Fire Out
11.3.3 Boiler Load Dumping
11.3.4 Flue Gas Recommissioning
11.3.5 Furnace Explosion
11.4 Power Failure Accidents
11.4.1 6kV Power Failure
11.4.2 380V Power Failure
11.4.3 220V Instrument Power Failure
11.4.4 Forced Draft Fan Trip
11.4.5 Induced Draft Fan Trip
11.4.6 Total Power Failure of Coal Feeder
11.5 Auxiliary Equipment Faults
11.5.1 Fan Faults
11.5.2 Fan Fault Phenomena and Monitoring and Handling Measures
Chapter 12 Boiler Shutdown and Protection
12.1 Steps for Boiler Shutdown
12.1.1 Preparations Before Shutdown
12.1.2 Shutdown
12.1.3 Shutdown of Direct-Feed Boilers
12.1.4 Precautions for Shutdown
12.2 Emergency Shutdown and Cooling
12.3 Boiler Anti-Corrosion and Maintenance
12.3.1 Necessity of Shutdown Maintenance
12.3.2 Methods for Shutdown Maintenance
12.3.3 Principles for Selecting Shutdown Maintenance Methods
Chapter 13 Acceptance and Testing
13.1 Acceptance and Testing After Maintenance
13.1.1 Safety Measures Before Maintenance
13.1.2 Acceptance After Equipment Maintenance
13.1.3 Boiler Hydrotest
13.1.4 Air Leakage Test
13.1.5 Rotation Machinery Test Run
13.1.6 Safety Valve Adjustment
13.1.7 Boiler Protection and Interlock Test
13.1.8 Boiler Chemical Cleaning
13.2 Test Run of New Units
13.2.1 Preparations for Test Run
13.2.2 Boiler Unit Commissioning
13.2.3 72-Hour Complete Start-up Test Run
13.2.4 Work During New Unit Test Production
Chapter 14 Boiler Thermal Test
14.1 Overview
14.2 Cold State Air Dynamics Test of Furnace
14.3 Boiler and Flue Gas Leakage Test
14.4 Furnace Air Balance Measurement
14.5 Error Analysis
14.6 Effects of Coal Quality on Boiler Combustion and Operation
Chapter 15 Boiler Life Management
15.1 Factors Affecting Boiler Life
15.2 Boiler Life Management Methods
Chapter 16 Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Equipment and Operation
16.1 Overview of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
16.1.1 Introduction to Fluidization Technology
16.1.2 Main Types of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
16.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
16.1.4 Classification of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
16.2 Main Equipment and Functions of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
16.2.1 Combustion Equipment of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
16.2.2 Material Circulation System
16.2.3 Material Separator
16.2.4 Return Pipe Stand
16.2.5 Return Valve
16.2.6 Coal Preparation System
16.2.7 Flue and Air System
16.2.8 Ash and Dust Removal System
16.3 Operation of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
16.3.1 Start-up and Shutdown of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
16.3.2 Operation Regulation of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
16.3.3 Problems and Handling in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Operation
Chapter 17 Boiler Operation Management
17.1 Safety Production System
17.2 Position Responsibility System
17.3 Shift Change System
17.4 Equipment Round Inspection System
17.5 Equipment Regular Test and Maintenance System
17.6 Operation Permit and Work Permit System
17.7 Operation Status Analysis System
17.8 Equipment Status Monitoring System
17.9 Economic Analysis System
17.10 Technical Training System