Phosphate-free detergent

Author: Ma Zhengsheng
Publisher:
Publishing Date: 2005-03-01
Features: This book consists of 9 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the development overview of phosphate-free detergent builders, while Chapters 2 to 9 introduce the properties, preparation, testing, and applications of phosphate-free substitutes such as 4A zeolite, sodium metasilicate, sodium citrate, sodium polyacrylate, modified sodium polyacrylate, layered crystalline disilicate, novel zeolite P, and polyaspartic acid. The book aims to be specific, practical, concise, and intuitive, emphasizing the combination of theory and practical application. It is suitable for technicians engaged in the research, production, and application of phosphate-free detergent builders, as well as students and faculty in related fields.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Basic Composition of Detergents
1.2 Function of Detergent Builders
1.3 The Rise of Tripolyphosphate (STPP)
1.4 Phosphate Pollution and the Call for Phosphate-Free Detergents
1.4.1 Phosphate-Free Movements in Various Countries
1.4.2 Current Situation in China
1.5 Development Overview of Phosphate-Free Detergent Builders
1.5.1 Early Used Phosphate-Free Detergent Builders
1.5.2 Second-Generation Phosphate-Free Detergent Builders
1.5.3 New Generation of Phosphate-Free Detergent Builders
References
Chapter 2 4A Zeolite
2.1 Structure of 4A Zeolite
2.2 Development Review of 4A Zeolite
2.3 Detergent Builders' Performance and Quality Indicators of 4A Zeolite
2.3.1 Ion Exchange and Adsorption
2.3.2 Detergency
2.3.3 Ecology and Safety
2.3.4 Quality Indicators of 4A Zeolite as a Detergent Builder
2.4 Preparation Process of 4A Zeolite
2.4.1 Kaolin Method for Synthesizing 4A Zeolite
2.4.2 Bentonite Method for Synthesizing 4A Zeolite
2.4.3 Hydrothermal Method for Synthesizing 4A Zeolite
2.5 Performance Testing of 4A Zeolite
2.5.1 Determination of Ignition Loss (QB/T1768-2003)
2.5.2 Determination of Calcium Exchange Capacity and Rate
2.5.3 Determination of Particle Size
2.5.4 Determination of Al3+ (QB/T1768-2003)
2.5.5 Identification of Crystal Phase
2.5.6 Other Performance Tests
2.6 Application Examples of 4A Zeolite in Low-Phosphate and Phosphate-Free Laundry Detergents
References
Chapter 3 Sodium Metasilicate
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 Properties of Sodium Metasilicate
3.1.2 Role of Sodium Metasilicate in Detergents
3.1.3 Applications of Sodium Metasilicate in Other Fields
3.1.4 Quality Standards of Sodium Metasilicate
3.2 Preparation Process of Sodium Metasilicate
3.2.1 Water Solution Crystallization Method
3.2.2 Crystallization and Crushing Method
3.2.3 Granulation Method
3.3 Discussion on Preparation Processes of Sodium Metasilicate Using Other Raw Materials
3.3.1 Preparation of Pentahydrate Sodium Metasilicate Using Protein Soil
3.3.2 Preparation of Pentahydrate Sodium Metasilicate Using Natural Siliconite
3.3.3 Co-Production of Pentahydrate Sodium Metasilicate with 4A Zeolite
3.4 Rapidly Soluble (Powder) Sodium Metasilicate (ISS)
3.4.1 Properties and Applications of Rapidly Soluble Sodium Metasilicate
3.4.2 Production Process and Technical Indicators of Rapidly Soluble Sodium Metasilicate
3.4.3 Domestic Production Capacity of Rapidly Soluble Sodium Metasilicate
3.5 Typical Detergent Formulations Using Pentahydrate and Rapidly Soluble Sodium Metasilicate as Builders
References
Chapter 4 Sodium Citrate
4.1 Performance Characteristics of Sodium Citrate
4.1.1 Safety
4.1.2 Biodegradability
4.1.3 Solubility
4.1.4 pH Adjustment and Buffering
4.1.5 Storage and Stability
4.1.6 Metal Ion Chelating Ability
4.2 Introduction to Citric Acid
4.2.1 Fermentation Production of Citric Acid
4.2.2 Current Situation of Citric Acid Production in China
4.3 Production Process of Sodium Citrate
4.3.1 Alkali Neutralization of Citric Acid Crystals
4.3.2 Alkali Neutralization of Fermentation Broth
4.3.3 Double Displacement Method
4.3.4 Ion Exchange Method
4.3.5 Solvent Extraction Method
4.4 Quality Standards of Sodium Citrate
4.5 Application of Sodium Citrate in Low-Phosphate and Phosphate-Free Detergents
References
Chapter 5 Sodium Polyacrylate
5.1 Introduction to Acrylic Acid
5.1.1 Brief Review of Acrylic Acid Development
5.1.2 Development Overview of Acrylic Acid Industry in China
5.1.3 Downstream Products of Acrylic Acid
5.2 Properties and Applications of Sodium Polyacrylate
5.2.1 Low-Molecular-Weight Sodium Polyacrylate
5.2.2 Medium-Molecular-Weight Sodium Polyacrylate
5.2.3 High-Molecular-Weight Sodium Polyacrylate
5.2.4 Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Sodium Polyacrylate
5.3 Synthesis Process of Sodium Polyacrylate
5.3.1 Overview of Water Solution Polymerization for Sodium Polyacrylate
5.3.2 Water Solution Polymerization in Isopropanol Medium
5.3.3 Water Solution Polymerization in Redox Systems
5.3.4 Reverse Emulsion Polymerization for Sodium Polyacrylate
5.4 Determination of Molecular Weight of Sodium Polyacrylate
5.4.1 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
5.4.2 Viscosity Method
5.4.3 End-Group Method for Determining Molecular Weight of Sodium Polyacrylate
5.4.4 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for Determining Molecular Weight
5.5 Characteristics of Sodium Polyacrylate as a Detergent Builder
5.5.1 Chelating Ability of Sodium Polyacrylate to Calcium Ions
5.5.2 Dispersing Effect of Sodium Polyacrylate on Soil Aggregates
5.5.3 Acid Resistance of Sodium Polyacrylate
5.5.4 Compatibility of Sodium Polyacrylate with Surfactants and Builders
5.5.5 Effect of Sodium Polyacrylate Dosage on Detergency
5.5.6 Effect of Sodium Polyacrylate Replacement Rate of STPP on Detergency
5.6 Toxicity Testing of Sodium Polyacrylate
5.6.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Test
5.6.2 Micronucleus Test
5.6.3 Ames Test
5.6.4 Sperm Abnormality Test
5.7 Biodegradability of Sodium Polyacrylate
5.7.1 Microbial Decomposition of Sodium Polyacrylate
5.7.2 Microbial Decomposition of Photodegraded and Ozonated Sodium Polyacrylate
5.8 Application Examples of Sodium Polyacrylate in Low-Phosphate and Phosphate-Free Detergents
References
Chapter 6 Acrylic Acid-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer
6.1 Structure-Property Relationship of Poly-carboxylate High-Molecular-Weight Detergent Builders
6.1.1 Crystal Inhibition and Anti-Fabric Setting
6.1.2 Particle Dispersion and Clay Soil Removal
6.1.3 Softening Hard Water
6.1.4 pH Buffering
6.2 Introduction to the Role of Acrylic Acid-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer in Detergents
6.3 Preparation Process of Acrylic Acid-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer
6.3.1 Formulation Design
6.3.2 Polymerization Process
6.3.3 Performance Testing of Acrylic Acid-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer Products
6.4 Factors Affecting the Performance of Acrylic Acid-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer
6.4.1 Effect of Acrylic Acid-Maleic Anhydride Ratio on Copolymer Performance
6.4.2 Effect of Initiator on Copolymer Performance
6.4.3 Effect of Chain Transfer Catalyst on Copolymer Performance
6.4.4 Effect of Polymerization Temperature on Copolymer Performance
6.4.5 Effect of Monomer Neutralization Degree on Copolymer Performance
6.4.6 Effect of Polymer Relative Molecular Weight on Chelating and Dispersing Ability
6.5 Optimal Reference Process Conditions for Synthesizing Phosphate-Free Detergent Builder Acrylic Acid-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer
6.6 Role of Acrylic Acid-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer in Low-Phosphate and Phosphate-Free Laundry Detergents
6.6.1 Surface Activity and Synergistic Effect with Surfactants
6.6.2 Anti-Deposit Performance of AA-CO-MA Sodium Salt in Detergents
6.6.3 Improvement of Detergency of Laundry Detergent Using AA-CO-MA Sodium Salt
6.7 Reference Formulations of Phosphate-Free Detergents Using AA-CO-MA Sodium Salt as a Builder
6.8 Environmental Impact of Poly-carboxylates
6.8.1 Tracking Analysis of PCA in Water—Polyelectrolyte Titration Method
6.8.2 Environmental Impact of PCA
References
Chapter 7 Layered Crystalline Disilicate
7.1 Structure and Properties of Layered Crystalline Disilicate
7.1.1 Chemical Structure of Layered Crystalline Disilicate
7.1.2 Physical Properties of Layered Crystalline Disilicate
7.1.3 Chemical Properties of Layered Crystalline Disilicate
7.2 Preparation Process of Layered Crystalline Disilicate
7.2.1 Historical Review
7.2.2 Drying Crystallization Method
7.2.3 Spray Drying One-Step Crystallization Method
7.2.4 Direct Powder Crystallization Method
7.2.5 Crystal Seed Induced Crystallization Method
7.3 Factors Affecting the Synthesis of Layered Crystalline Disilicate
7.3.1 Effect of Silicate Composition on Synthesis of Layered Crystalline Disilicate
7.3.2 Effect of Drying Temperature on Calcium and Magnesium Ion Exchange Performance
7.3.3 Effect of Drying Time on Calcium and Magnesium Ion Exchange Performance
7.3.4 Effect of Calcination Crystallization Temperature on Calcium and Magnesium Ion Exchange Performance
7.3.5 Effect of Calcination Crystallization Time on Calcium and Magnesium Ion Exchange Performance
7.3.6 Effect of Calcination Crystallization Temperature on Crystal Phase Transition
7.3.7 Effect of Calcination Crystallization Time on Crystal Phase Transition
7.3.8 Effect of Additives
7.4 Factors Affecting the Performance of Layered Crystalline Disilicate in Use
7.4.1 Effect of Temperature on Layer-Silica Calcium Ion Exchange Performance
7.4.2 Effect of Solution pH on Layer-Silica Calcium Ion Exchange Performance
7.4.3 Effect of Ion Exchange Time on Layer-Silica Calcium Ion Exchange Performance
7.4.4 Stability of Layered Crystalline Disilicate
7.5 Application of Layered Crystalline Disilicate in Detergents
7.5.1 Detergency of Equal Replacement of STPP
7.5.2 Study on Anti-Redeposition and Anti-Deposit Performance
7.5.3 Reference Formulations of Detergents Using Layered Crystalline Disilicate as a Builder
References
Chapter 8 Novel Zeolite P (MAP)
8.1 Structure and Composition of Zeolite MAP
8.2 Performance of Zeolite MAP
8.2.1 Calcium Exchange Rate
8.2.2 Effective Calcium Exchange Capacity
8.2.3 Anti-Sedimentation Performance
8.2.4 Liquid Carrying Capacity
8.2.5 Compatibility with Silicates
8.3 Synthesis Methods of Zeolite MAP
8.3.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis Method
8.3.2 Natural Zeolite Modification Method
8.3.3 Synthesis of P-Type Zeolite from Red Feldspar
8.3.4 Synthesis of P-Type Zeolite from Tuff Ash
8.4 Reference Formulations of Phosphate-Free Detergents Using Zeolite P as a Builder
References
Chapter 9 Polyaspartic Acid
9.1 Properties and Applications of Aspartic Acid and Polyaspartic Acid
9.1.1 Structure and Properties of Aspartic Acid
9.1.2 Synthesis Methods of Aspartic Acid
9.1.3 Structure of Polyaspartic Acid
9.1.4 Application Fields of Polyaspartic Acid
9.2 Synthesis Methods of Polyaspartic Acid
9.2.1 Synthesis of Intermediate Polysuccinimide
9.2.2 Hydrolysis of Polysuccinimide
9.2.3 Separation of Polyaspartic Acid
9.3 Analysis of Liquid Phase Synthesis Process of Polyaspartic Acid Using Aspartic Acid as Raw Material
9.3.1 Synthesis Route of Polyaspartic Acid
9.3.2 Synthesis of Polysuccinimide
9.3.3 Hydrolysis and Separation of Polysuccinimide
9.3.4 Process Parameters of Polysuccinimide Synthesis
9.3.5 Process Parameters of Polysuccinimide Hydrolysis to Polyaspartic Acid
9.3.6 Separation Process of Polyaspartic Acid
9.3.7 Characterization of Polyaspartic Acid
9.4 Analysis of Solid Phase Heat Shrinkage Synthesis Process of Polyaspartic Acid Using Aspartic Acid as Raw Material
9.4.1 Synthesis Route
9.4.2 Influencing Factors
9.5 Analysis of Liquid Phase Synthesis Process of Polyaspartic Acid Using Maleic Anhydride as Raw Material
9.5.1 Synthesis Route
9.5.2 Analysis of Influencing Factors
9.5.3 Optimization of Process Conditions
9.5.4 Reaction of Maleic Anhydride with Other Ammonium Salts
9.6 Performance Testing of Polyaspartic Acid
9.6.1 Determination of Monomer Conversion Rate
9.6.2 Determination of Molecular Weight and Degree of Polymerization
9.6.3 Determination of Static Scale Inhibition Rate
9.7 Factors Affecting the Scale Inhibition Performance of Polyaspartic Acid
9.7.1 Inhibition of Calcium Carbonate by Polyaspartic Acid
9.7.2 Scale Inhibition Effect of Polyaspartic Acid on CaSO4·2H2O
9.7.3 Scale Inhibition Effect of Polyaspartic Acid on BaSO4
9.7.4 Scale Inhibition Effect of Polyaspartic Acid on SrSO4
9.7.5 Scale Inhibition Mechanism of Polyaspartic Acid
9.8 Environmental Impact of Polyaspartic Acid
9.8.1 Seed Germination Rate Test
9.8.2 Acute Toxicity Test in Mice
9.8.3 Micronucleus Test in Mice
9.8.4 Ames Test
9.9 Biodegradability of Polyaspartic Acid
9.9.1 Method and Steps of Shake Bed Experiment
9.9.2 Experimental Results
9.10 Application Examples of Polyaspartic Acid in Phosphate-Free Detergents
References
Appendix I Abbreviations Used in the Book
Appendix II Domestic Standards Related to Laundry Detergents
Appendix III Announcements by Some Provincial and Municipal Governments in China on Banning the Use of Phosphate Detergents
Management Measures for Banning the Production, Sale, and Use of Phosphate Detergent Products in Shandong Province
Regulations of Xiamen City on Banning the Sale and Use of Phosphate Detergents
Announcement by the Chongqing Municipal People's Government on Banning the Sale and Use of Phosphate Detergents
Announcement by the Kunming Municipal People's Government on Banning the Sale and Distribution and Restricting the Use of Phosphate Detergent Products in the Erhai Lake Basin (Issued on May 26, 1998)
Announcement of Hangzhou on Banning the Sale and Use of Phosphate Detergent Products
Provisions on Banning Phosphorus in Qinhuangdao, Tangshan, and Cangzhou Cities of Hebei Province