Remote Sensing Technology for Grassland Monitoring

Author: Dong Yongping Wu Xinhong Rong Yuping
Publisher:
Publishing Date: 2005-03-01
Features: This book is based on the fundamental theories and general distribution patterns of grassland resources and ecology, as well as the principles of 3S technologies (remote sensing, geographic information systems, and global positioning systems). It integrates major monitoring contents such as grassland types and areas, aboveground biomass and productivity, grassland degradation, desertification, and salinization, grassland biological disasters and natural disasters, and grassland protection and construction. The book elaborates on the key technical links of ground monitoring and remote sensing monitoring, as well as the common methods of various monitoring techniques. While emphasizing the connection and integration of different monitoring technologies, it places greater emphasis on the practical applications of various data processing and analysis methods. The book is rich in content, easy to understand, and possesses both a certain level of scientific theory and strong practical value. It can serve as professional learning material for undergraduate or graduate students in grassland science, as well as a reference book for scientific research, teaching, and livestock management in grassland, ecology, environmental protection, and resource monitoring.
Introduction This book is based on the fundamental theories and general distribution patterns of grassland resources and ecology, as well as the principles of 3S technologies (remote sensing, geographic information systems, and global positioning systems). It integrates major monitoring contents such as grassland types and areas, aboveground biomass and productivity, grassland degradation, desertification, and salinization, grassland biological disasters and natural disasters, and grassland protection and construction. The book elaborates on the key technical links of ground monitoring and remote sensing monitoring, as well as the common methods of various monitoring techniques. While emphasizing the connection and integration of different monitoring technologies, it places greater emphasis on the practical applications of various data processing and analysis methods. The book is rich in content, easy to understand, and possesses both a certain level of scientific theory and strong practical value. It can serve as professional learning material for undergraduate or graduate students in grassland science, as well as a reference book for scientific research, teaching, and livestock management in grassland, ecology, environmental protection, and resource monitoring.
Table of Contents Preface 1 Part Grassland Resource Theories Chapter Grassland Resource Overview 15 Section Basic Characteristics of Grassland 15 1. Natural Attributes of Grassland Resources 15 2. Economic Characteristics of Grassland Resources 16 3. Formation History of Grassland Resources 16 Section Non-biological Factors and Grassland Formation 18 1. Climatic Factors—Water and Heat Conditions 18 2. Land Factors 24 Section Biological Factors and Grassland Formation 28 1. Vegetation and Grassland Formation 28 2. Role of Animals in Grassland Formation 34 3. Role of Microorganisms in Grassland Formation 35 Section Human Activities and Grassland 36 1. Grazing 36 2. Hay Harvesting 36 3. Deforestation and Grassland Cultivation 37 4. Fire 38 5. Artificial and Semi-artificial Grasslands 38 Chapter Grassland Classification and Types 39 Section Grassland Classification and Types in China 39 1. Principles and Standards of Grassland Classification 39 2. Main Grassland Types in China 40 Section Introduction to Grassland Classification Abroad 48 1. Soviet Grassland Classification Methods 48 2. U.S. Grassland Classification Methods 48 3. Australian Grassland Classification Methods 49 4. British Grassland Classification Methods 49 Section Grassland Regions of China 49 1. Purpose of Grassland Regions 50 2. Role of Grassland Regions in Regional Economic Development 50 3. Main Grassland Regions of China 50 Chapter Dynamic Changes in Grasslands 53 Section Characteristics of Grassland Ecosystems 53 1. Composition of Grassland Ecosystems 53 2. Human Factors 54 3. Functions of Grassland Ecosystems 54 4. Sustainability of Grassland Ecosystems 56 Section Succession of Grassland Communities 56 1. Concept of Grassland Plant Communities 57 2. Characteristics of Plant Communities 57 3. Structure of Grassland Plant Communities 58 4. Succession of Grassland Plant Communities 59 Section Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Grassland Landscapes 64 1. Scale 64 2. Spatial Patterns 65 3. Mechanisms of Heterogeneity 66 4. Spatial Variability of Grassland Landscapes 67
Part 3S Technology Basics Chapter Remote Sensing Principles 73 Section Principles of Remote Sensing Systems 73 1. Concept of Remote Sensing 73 2. Remote Sensing Systems 75 Section Principles of Remote Sensing Data Acquisition 88 1. Remote Sensing Platforms 88 2. Satellite Orbits 89 3. Spatial Resolution, Pixel Size, and Scale 91 4. Spectral Resolution 93 5. Radiometric Resolution 94 6. Temporal Resolution 94 7. Cameras and Aerial Photography 96 8. Multispectral Scanning 97 9. Thermal Imaging 99 10. Geometric Distortion of Images 100 Chapter Main Satellite Remote Sensing Information Sources 102 Section Selection of Remote Sensing Information Sources 102 Section NOAA Polar-orbiting Meteorological Satellite 103 Section Fengyun Satellites 105 Section MODIS Sensor 106 Section Landsat 109 Section SPOT Satellite 110 Section CBERS Satellite 112 Section Quickbird Satellite 113 Section Envisat Satellite 113 Chapter Overview of Geographic Information Systems 116 1. Coordinate Systems and Projections 116 2. Spatial Data Structures 119 3. Geographic Databases 125 4. Feature Editing and Querying 127 Chapter GPS Principles and Applications 129 1. Introduction to GPS 129 2. Composition and Principles of GPS 130 3. Features of GPS Technology 132 4. Applications of GPS Technology 133 5. Use of GPS Receivers 135
Part Techniques and Methods Chapter Grassland Monitoring Techniques and Methods 139 Section Content and Techniques of Monitoring at Different Scales 139 1. Small Time Scale 140 2. Medium Time Scale 143 3. Large Time Scale 145 Section Basic Links of Grassland Monitoring 146 1. Information Acquisition 146 2. Information Management 149 3. Information Processing and Analysis 150 4. Technical Routes of Grassland Monitoring 153 Chapter Ground Monitoring 154 1. Overview of Ground Monitoring 154 2. Ground Monitoring Methods 157 Chapter Remote Sensing Image Processing 169 Section Common Remote Sensing Image Processing Software and Functions 170 1. Functions of ERDAS IMAGINE 170 2. Other Remote Sensing Image Processing Software 171 Section Preprocessing 172 1. Data Import 172 2. Image Display 173 3. Radiometric Correction 174 4. Geometric Correction 174 5. Projection Transformation 178 6. Image Mosaicking and Extraction 179 Section Image Enhancement 179 1. Radiometric Enhancement 180 2. Spatial Enhancement 183 3. Spectral Enhancement 186 4. Fourier Transform and Inverse Transform 191 Section Remote Sensing Image Classification 192 1. Unsupervised Classification 193 2. Supervised Classification 194 3. Accuracy Evaluation and Validation 195 Section Visual Interpretation 196 1. Visual Interpretation Elements of Remote Sensing Images 196 2. Application of Visual Interpretation in Grasslands 198 Chapter Spatial Analysis 199 1. Subsetting 199 2. Overlay Analysis Toolkit 200 3. Neighborhood Analysis Toolkit 203 4. Statistical Toolkit 204 5. Surface Analysis Toolkit 205 6. Introduction to Network Analysis 206
Part Application Examples Chapter Grassland Spectral Feature Analysis 211 1. Reflective Characteristics of Objects 211 2. Spectral Information Acquisition of Different Land Cover Types in TM/ETM Images 215 3. Case Analysis 216 Chapter Grassland Productivity Monitoring 227 Section Vegetation Indices 227 1. Principles of Vegetation Indices 227 2. Factors Affecting Vegetation Indices 228 3. Common Vegetation Indices 229 Section Technical Links of Productivity Monitoring 232 1. Superiority of Remote Sensing Estimation 232 2. Elements of Grassland Productivity Monitoring 233 3. General Steps of Productivity Monitoring 234 Section Case Analysis 235 1. Data Acquisition 235 2. Vegetation Index Extraction 236 3. Calculation and Statistics of Aboveground Biomass 241 4. Calculation of Suitable Livestock Carrying Capacity 243 Chapter Grassland Desertification Monitoring 245 Section Causes and Types of Grassland Desertification 245 1. Causes of Grassland Desertification 245 2. Types and Classification of Grassland Desertification 247 Section Remote Sensing Monitoring of Grassland Desertification 247 1. Steps of Remote Sensing Monitoring 248 2. Case Study of Grassland Desertification Monitoring 248 Chapter Grassland Fire Information Extraction 256 1. Information Sources 256 2. Technical Route of Fire Information Extraction 257 3. Extraction Methods 257 4. Results Analysis 258
Main References 261