Laboratory Technician Practical Handbook

Author: Xia Yuyu
Publisher:
Publishing Date: 2005-03-01
Features: The second edition of "Practical Handbook for Laboratory Technicians" consists of 26 chapters, divided into four parts: (1) Laboratory Basics, including: fundamental constants and physicochemical constants of important compounds; laboratory construction, management, and safety; common instruments and equipment; laboratory water and chemical reagents; units of measurement, standard methods, and standard substances; solution preparation, data processing, and quality assurance in analytical testing. (2) Chemical Analysis, including: sample collection, preparation, and preservation; separation, purification, and enrichment of substances; pretreatment of samples and common constant determination methods; qualitative, gravimetric, and titrimetric analysis of inorganic and organic substances. (3) Instrumental Analysis, including: flow injection analysis, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, and molecular fluorescence spectroscopy; atomic emission, atomic absorption, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy; chromatography and electrophoresis; gas chromatography and liquid chromatography; ion chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography; electrochemical analysis; mass spectrometry; and computerization of network chemical resource information and analytical instruments, covering methods, simple principles, instruments and equipment, scope of application, precautions, and relevant data. (4) Writing Techniques for Analytical Chemistry Literature and Technical Documents (including the writing of scientific reports and papers). For easy reference, in addition to the table of contents, the tables in the book are compiled into a table of contents. "The Handbook" provides a large number of essential, new, and commonly used constants, data, and separation and purification methods, while also introducing the basic knowledge, fundamental theories, and basic skills of laboratory technicians. "The Handbook" is rich in content, practical, and a comprehensive reference for laboratory technicians and laboratories in various industries (including chemical, metallurgical, geological, materials, agriculture, forestry, food, petroleum, environmental protection, health, and light industry), as well as for teachers and students of higher vocational and technical colleges and experimental personnel of scientific research institutions.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Laboratory
Section 1: The Role and Classification of Analysis and Testing
1. The Role of Analysis and Testing
2. Classification of Analysis and Testing Methods
1. Sensory Testing
2. Physicochemical Testing
3. Practical Trial Observation Testing
Section 2: Basic Requirements for Laboratories
1. Classification and Responsibilities of Laboratories
2. Requirements for Laboratory Space
1. Chemical Analysis Room
2. Precision Instrument Room
3. Auxiliary Room
Section 3: Common Glass Instruments and Quartz Products Used in Laboratories
1. Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Glass Instruments
2. Names, Specifications, Main Uses, and Precautions of Common Glass Instruments
1. Common Glass Instruments
2. Classification of Glass Measuring Instruments
3. Some Special Glass Instruments
3. Methods for Washing Glass Instruments
4. Drying of Glass Instruments
5. Management of Glass Instruments
6. Simple Glass Processing Operations
1. Gas Burner
2. Cutting Methods for Glass Tubing
3. Pulling Dropping Pipettes
4. Bending Glass Tubing
5. Pulling Capillary Tubes
6. Glass Marking
7. Quartz Glass and Porcelain Instruments
1. Quartz Glass
2. Porcelain Mortars
Section 4: Non-Glass Vessels and Apparatus Used in Laboratories
1. Ceramic Vessels and Corundum Vessels
1. Ceramic Vessels
2. Corundum Vessels
2. Metal Vessels
1. Platinum Vessels
2. Other Metal (Gold, Silver, Nickel, Iron, etc.) Vessels
3. Plastic Vessels
1. Polyethylene and Polypropylene Vessels
2. Polytetrafluoroethylene Vessels
4. Pipettes and Pipette Devices
5. Filter Paper, Filter Membranes, and Test Paper
1. Filter Paper
2. Filter Membranes
3. Test Paper
6. Other Common Supplies Used in Laboratories
Section 5: Common Electrical and Equipment Used in Laboratories
1. Electric Heating Equipment
1. Electric Stove
2. Electric Hot Plate
3. Electric Hot Jacket
4. High-Temperature Oven
5. Electric Heating Constant-Temperature Oven
6. Far-Infrared Dryer and Electric Heating Vacuum Dryer
7. Electric Heating Constant-Temperature Water Bath and Constant-Temperature Tank
8. Constant-Temperature Tank
9. Electric Heating Distilled Water Generator
2. Refrigeration Equipment
1. Electric Refrigerator
2. Air Conditioner
3. Electric Equipment
1. Electric Centrifuge
2. Electric Stirrer
3. Electromagnetic Stirrer
4. Oscillator
5. Ultrasonic Cleaner
4. AC Stabilizer
5. DC Power Supply
1. DC Stabilized Power Supply
2.
6. Multimeter
1. Digital Multimeter
2. Analog Multimeter
7. Electric Iron, Voltage Tester, and Fuses
1. Electric Iron
2. Voltage Tester
3. Fuses
8. Protective Ground Wire
Section 6: Management of Laboratory Items and Instruments
1. Management of Common Items and Instruments in Laboratories
2. Management of Precision and Expensive Instruments
Section 7: Balances
1. Electronic Balances
1. Principle and Structure
2. Characteristics of Electronic Balances
3. Simple Operating Procedure for Electronic Balances
4. Rules for Using Electronic Balances
2. Some Mechanical Load Analysis Balances
1. Principle of Lever Balance
2. Structure of Some Mechanical Load Analysis Balances
3. Installation of Balances
4. Use of Balances
5. Weights
3. Single-pan Analysis Balances
1. Principle and Characteristics
2. Structure of Single-pan Balances
3. Installation of Single-pan Balances
4. Use of Single-pan Balances
4. Platform Scales
5. Rules for Using Balances
6. Weighing Methods
1. Direct Weighing Method
2. Fixed Mass Weighing Method
3. Gravimetric (Difference) Weighing Method
Section 8: Calculating Instruments—Electronic Calculators
1. Classification of Electronic Calculators
2. Structure of Calculators
3. Symbols and Functions of Keys
4. Display Symbols and Their Meanings
5. Precautions for Using Calculators
6. Precautions When Purchasing Calculators
7. Examples of Calculations Using Calculators
8. Laboratory Applications of Electronic Calculators
1. Preparation of Solutions of Specified Concentrations
2. Calculation of pH Values of Solutions
3. Calculation of pH Values of Buffer Solutions
4. Calculation of Ionic Activity of Solutions
5. Calculation of Ionic Electrode Potential of Solutions
6. Calculation of Gravimetric Analysis Results
7. Solubility Product Calculations
8. Statistical Calculations
Section 9: Laboratory Water
1. Preparation of Laboratory Water by Distillation
2. Preparation of Laboratory Water by Ion Exchange
1. Ion Exchange Resins and Exchange Principles
2. Ion Exchange Devices
3. Pretreatment, Column Loading, and Regeneration of Ion Exchange Resins
3. Purification of Water by Electrodialysis
4. Supercritical Water Preparation Devices
5. Preparation of Special Laboratory Water
1. Chlorine-Free Water
2. Ammonia-Free Water
3. Carbon Dioxide-Free Water
4. Arsenic-Free Water
5. Lead-Free (Heavy Metal-Free) Water
6. Phenol-Free Water
7. Distilled Water Without Organic Matter
6. Quality Requirements for Laboratory Water
1. Specifications for Laboratory Water in Analytical Laboratories
2. Containers and Storage of Analytical Laboratory Water
3. Residual Metal Ion Content in Laboratory Water
7. Quality Testing of Laboratory Water
1. pH Value Testing
2. Measurement of Conductivity
3. Test for Limit of Oxidizable Substances
4. Measurement of Absorbance
5. Determination of Evaporable Residue
6. Test for Limit of Soluble Silicon
Section 10: Chemical Reagents
1. Classification, Grading, and Specifications of Chemical Reagents
2. Packaging and Marking of Chemical Reagents
3. Selection and Precautions for Using Chemical Reagents
4. General Properties of Common Chemical Reagents
5. Management and Safe Storage Conditions for Chemical Reagents
6. Purification Methods for Chemical Reagents
1. Purification of Hydrochloric Acid
2. Purification of Nitric Acid
3. Purification of Hydrofluoric Acid
4. Purification of Perchloric Acid
5. Purification of Ammonia
6. Purification of Bromine
7. Purification of Ammonium Molybdate
8. Purification of Sodium Chloride
9. Purification of Potassium Chloride
10. Purification of Sodium Carbonate
11. Purification of Potassium Sulfate
12. Purification of Potassium Dichromate
13. Purification of Pentahydrated Sodium Thiosulfate
Section 11: Organic Solvents and Surface Active Agents
1. General Properties of Common Organic Solvents
2. Solubility Between Organic Solvents
3. Toxicity of Organic Solvents
1. Non-Toxic Solvents
2. Low-Toxic Solvents
3. Toxic Solvents
4. Flammability, Explosiveness, and Corrosivity of Organic Solvents
1. Conditions for Ignition of Solvents
2. Explosiveness of Solvents
3. Precautions for Using Flammable Solvents
4. Corrosivity of Organic Solvents
5. Drying of Organic Solvents
1. Drying with Desiccants
2. Fractional Distillation
3. Azeotropic Distillation
4. Evaporation
5. Drying with Dry Gases
6. Purification of Organic Solvents
1. Purification of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
2. Purification of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3. Purification of Halogenated Hydrocarbons
4. Purification of Alcohols
5. Purification of Phenols
6. Purification of Ethers and Acetals
7. Purification of Ketones
8. Purification of Fatty Acids and Anhydrides
9. Purification of Esters
10. Purification of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
11. Purification of Sulfur-Containing Compounds
7. Recovery of Organic Solvents
1. Recovery of Isopropyl Ether
2. Recovery of Ethyl Acetate
3. Recovery of Chloroform
4. Recovery of Carbon Tetrachloride
5. Recovery of Benzene
6. Recovery of Waste Phosphoric Acid Tributyl Phosphate (TBP)-Benzene After Uranium Determination
7. Recovery of Waste Xylene
8. Recovery of Petroleum Ether-Chloroform and Isopropyl Alcohol-Chloroform Containing Dodecyl Disulfide (DDO)
9. Recovery of Methanol Containing Nitric Acid
10. Recovery of Other Solvents Such as Benzene for Extracting Germanium, Toluene for Extracting Thallium, and Benzene for Extracting Selenium and Tellurium
8. Applications of Organic Solvents
9. Common Surface Active Agents Used in Analytical Chemistry
Section 12: Common Drying Agents and Absorbents Used in Laboratories
1. Drying Agents
1. General Properties of Drying Agents
2. Drying Agents for Gases
3. Drying Agents for Organic Compounds
4. Molecular Sieve Drying Agents
5. Drying of Common Reference Substances Used in
6. Drying of Common Compounds
2. Gas Absorbents
3. Generation, Purification, Drying, and Collection of Gases
1. Gas Generation
2. Gas Purification and Drying
3. Gas Collection
Section 13: Common Refrigerants and Adhesives Used in Laboratories
1. Refrigerants
2. Adhesives
1. Organic Adhesives
2. Inorganic Adhesives
Section 14: Masking and Demasking Agents
1. Cation Masking Agents
2. Anion and Neutral Molecule Masking Agents
3. Demasking Agents
4. Masking Agents in Complexometric Titration
Section 15: Laboratory Safety
1. Fire Prevention, Explosion Prevention, and Firefighting Knowledge in Laboratories
1. Fire Prevention Knowledge
2. Explosion Prevention Knowledge
3. Firefighting Knowledge
2. Poisoning and First Aid Methods for Chemical Poisons
1. Classification of Chemical Poisons
2. Common Poisoning Symptoms and First Aid Methods
3. Prevention of Chemical Burns and Glass Cuts
1. Precautions for Preventing Chemical Burns and Glass Cuts
2. First Aid and Treatment for Chemical Burns
4. Treatment of Harmful Chemical Substances
1. Laboratory Fumes
2. Laboratory Wastewater
3. Methods for Treating Common Laboratory Waste Liquids
4. Laboratory Waste Solids
5. Prevention of Mercury Poisoning
5. Safety of High-Pressure Gas Cylinders
1. Gas Cylinders and Pressure Regulators
2. Classification of Gases in Gas Cylinders
3. Colors and Markings of High-Pressure Gas Cylinders
4. Properties and Safe Handling of Several Compressed Combustible and Combustion-Acidic Gases
5. Safety Precautions for Using Gas Cylinders
6. Safety Precautions for Using Electricity
7. Safety Rules for Laboratory Personnel
Chapter 2: Units of Measurement and Basic Constants
Section 1: Units of Measurement
1. International System of Units (SI)
1. Fundamental Units of SI
2. Auxiliary Units of SI
3. Derived Units of SI with Special Names
4. Prefixes of SI
5. Units Used Alongside SI
6. Temporary Units Used Alongside SI
2. Legal Metrological Units of the People's Republic of China
3. Conversion Between Legal Metrological Units and Non-Legal Metrological Units
1. Length Units
2. Area Units
3. Volume and Capacity Units
4. Mass Units
5. Pressure Units
6. Mass Flow Units
7. Volume Flow Units
8. Work, Energy, and Heat Units
9. Power Units
10. Thermal Conductivity Units
11. Heat Transfer Coefficient Units
12. Temperature Units
13. Specific Heat Capacity Units
14. Magnetic Field Strength Units
15. Magnetic Flux Density Units
16. Electromagnetic Units
17. Optical Units
18. Units for Measuring the Activity of Radioactive Isotopes
4. Common Physical Quantities and Their Units Used in Analytical Chemistry
Section 2: Basic Constants
1. Periodic Table of Elements and Electron Configuration of Atoms
2. Names, Symbols, Relative Atomic Masses, Melting Points, Boiling Points, Densities, Oxidation States of Elements
3. Basic Physical Constants
Chapter 2: Units of Measurement and Basic Constants
Section 1: Units of Measurement
1. International System of Units (SI)
1. Fundamental Units of SI
2. Auxiliary Units of SI
3. Derived Units of SI with Special Names
4. Prefixes of SI
5. Units Used Alongside SI
6. Temporary Units Used Alongside SI
2. Legal Metrological Units of the People's Republic of China
3. Conversion Between Legal Metrological Units and Non-Legal Metrological Units
1. Length Units
2. Area Units
3. Volume and Capacity Units
4. Mass Units
5. Pressure Units
6. Mass Flow Units
7. Volume Flow Units
8. Work, Energy, and Heat Units
9. Power Units
10. Thermal Conductivity Units
11. Heat Transfer Coefficient Units
12. Temperature Units
13. Specific Heat Capacity Units
14. Magnetic Field Strength Units
15. Magnetic Flux Density Units
16. Electromagnetic Units
17. Optical Units
18. Units for Measuring the Activity of Radioactive Isotopes
4. Common Physical Quantities and Their Units Used in Analytical Chemistry
Section 2: Basic Constants
1. Periodic Table of Elements and Electron Configuration of Atoms
2. Names, Symbols, Relative Atomic Masses, Melting Points, Boiling Points, Densities, Oxidation States of Elements
3. Basic Physical Constants
Chapter 3: Physical and Chemical Properties of Common Compounds
Section 1: Chemical Formulas, Names, Relative Molecular Masses, Colors, Crystal Types, Relative Densities, Melting Points, Boiling Points of Inorganic Compounds
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1. Main Varieties, Properties, and Uses of Plastics
2. Main Varieties, Properties, and Uses of Synthetic Rubbers
3. Main Varieties, Properties, and Uses of Synthetic Fibers
4. Classification and Name Comparison of Chemical Fibers
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1. Water Phase Diagram
2. Water Ion Product (Kw)
3. Water Density
4. Water Boiling Point
5. Water Vapor Pressure
6. Water Dielectric Constant
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Chapter 3: Physical and Chemical Properties of Common Compounds
Section 1: Chemical Formulas, Names, Relative Molecular Masses, Colors, Crystal Types, Relative Densities, Melting Points, Boiling Points of Inorganic Compounds
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1. Main Varieties, Properties, and Uses of Plastics
2. Main Varieties, Properties, and Uses of Synthetic Rubbers
1. Main Varieties, Properties, and Uses of Synthetic Fibers
2. Classification and Name Comparison of Chemical Fibers
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1. Water Phase Diagram
2. Water Ion Product (Kw)
3. Water Density
4. Water Boiling Point
5. Water Vapor Pressure
6. Water Dielectric Constant
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Chapter 3: Physical and Chemical Properties of Common Compounds
Section 1: Chemical Formulas, Names, Relative Molecular Masses, Colors, Crystal Types, Relative Densities, Melting Points, Boiling Points of Inorganic Compounds
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1. Main Varieties, Properties, and Uses of Plastics
2. Main Varieties, Properties, and Uses of Synthetic Rubbers
1. Main Varieties, Properties, and Uses of Synthetic Fibers
2. Classification and Name Comparison of Chemical Fibers
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1. Water Phase Diagram
2. Water Ion Product (Kw)
3. Water Density
4. Water Boiling Point
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