Automotive Fuel Knowledge 300 Questions

Author: Liu Shuzhi Zhang Hongmei
Publisher:
Publishing Date: 2005-02-01
Features: This book introduces the basic knowledge, usage methods, precautions, and oil product safety management of automotive gasoline, diesel, and automotive lubricating oils (greases). The book includes 326 common questions with concise answers, making the text easy to understand and highly practical, serving as a guide for both automotive oil producers and users. It is suitable for fuel oil, lubricating oil (grease) production, management, and sales personnel, as well as for general automotive users, automotive maintenance and repair personnel, and students and teachers of relevant disciplines in colleges and universities.
Introduction: This book introduces the basic knowledge, usage methods, precautions, and oil product safety management of automotive gasoline, diesel, and automotive lubricating oils (greases). The book includes 326 common questions with concise answers, making the text easy to understand and highly practical, serving as a guide for both automotive oil producers and users. It is suitable for fuel oil, lubricating oil (grease) production, management, and sales personnel, as well as for general automotive users, automotive maintenance and repair personnel, and students and teachers of relevant disciplines in colleges and universities.
Table of Contents
Part 1: Fuel Oil
1. Basic Knowledge
1.1 What is energy? How is energy classified?
1.2 How is petroleum formed?
1.3 What chemical elements does petroleum consist of? What is the composition?
1.4 What are the appearance properties and main chemical composition of petroleum?
1.5 How are petroleum products classified?
1.6 What is distillation and fractional distillation? What are petroleum fractions?
1.7 What are physical properties? How are they generated?
1.8 Why are physical properties used to control oil product quality instead of chemical composition?
1.9 What are the current world's most advanced gasoline and diesel standards?
1.10 How is the quality of automotive oil products controlled? Why do quality indicators always change?
1.11 Why do different cars use different fuels?
1.12 What factors are related to the rational use of gasoline and diesel?
1.13 How to coordinate the contradiction between the quality and quantity of gasoline and diesel products in the production process?
1.14 What factors affect the improvement of automotive oil product quality?
1.15 How to reduce the pollution of urban motor vehicles to the environment?
1.16 What environmental pollutants are in the exhaust gas after the combustion of automotive oil products? What are their hazards?
1.17 How will China's vehicle emission standards align with international standards?
1.18 What are the advantages and disadvantages of gasoline engines and diesel engines?
1.19 How to drive to save fuel?
1.20 What is clean fuel?
1.21 What is the progress of clean fuel in China?
1.22 What is a clean car?
1.23 How long can fossil fuels last? How should we solve the energy crisis?
2. Oil Product Production Process
2.24 How is gasoline and diesel produced from crude oil?
2.25 How is a refinery constructed?
2.26 What is atmospheric and vacuum distillation?
2.27 What is catalytic cracking?
2.28 What is the process principle of catalytic cracking?
2.29 What is catalytic reforming?
2.30 What is hydrocracking?
2.31 What is thermal processing? What is delayed coking?
2.32 What are intermediate products? What are finished products?
2.33 How do intermediate products become finished products?
3. Gasoline Usage
3.34 What are the characteristics of automotive gasoline?
3.35 What types of gasoline engines are there?
3.36 How does a gasoline engine work?
3.37 What is the compression ratio of a gasoline engine? Why is the compression ratio of a gasoline engine increased?
3.38 What is the knocking phenomenon of gasoline?
3.39 What is the anti-knock property of gasoline? What is the octane rating? How is it defined?
3.40 How is the grade of gasoline divided?
3.41 What is the Research Octane Number (RON)?
3.42 What is the Motor Octane Number (MON)?
3.43 What is the Road Octane Number?
3.44 Why do different methods give different octane ratings for the same gasoline?
3.45 What is the Anti-Knock Index?
3.46 How to improve the anti-knock property of gasoline?
3.47 How does the chemical composition of different hydrocarbons affect the octane rating of gasoline?
3.48 How to evaluate the volatility of gasoline?
3.49 What is the distillation range of gasoline? How to judge its performance based on the distillation range?
3.50 What is the vapor pressure of gasoline?
3.51 What is the gas-liquid ratio?
3.52 What is vapor lock? How to prevent it?
3.53 What is the flash point? What is the autoignition point?
3.54 How to evaluate the corrosiveness of gasoline?
3.55 How to evaluate the stability of gasoline?
3.56 Why is the oxygen content of gasoline controlled?
3.57 What effects does gasoline quality have on the engine?
3.58 What stages has the quality change of gasoline gone through?
3.59 What problems does China face in improving gasoline quality? How to solve them?
3.60 What are the control standards for harmful substances in automotive gasoline?
3.61 How to make the gasoline engine burn normally and save fuel?
3.62 What is reformulated gasoline?
3.63 What is leaded gasoline?
3.64 What is unleaded gasoline?
3.65 What is the current status of unleaded gasoline in China?
3.66 What is clean gasoline?
3.67 What are the advantages of clean gasoline?
3.68 What is high-clean gasoline? Is unleaded gasoline clean gasoline?
3.69 What is the basis for selecting the grade of gasoline?
3.70 Is it better to choose gasoline with a higher grade?
3.71 Is high-grade gasoline always high in purity?
3.72 What are the hazards of gasoline containing water?
3.73 What is a catalytic converter? Why can't cars equipped with catalytic converters use leaded gasoline?
3.74 How to identify the quality of gasoline?
3.75 How to distinguish automotive gasoline from light diesel oil from appearance?
3.76 Can gasoline and diesel be mixed and used?
3.77 How should electronic fuel injection vehicles be maintained?
3.78 What is a gasoline detergent?
3.79 Do electronic fuel injection vehicles need gasoline cleaning additives?
3.80 Why is it not advisable to use gasoline to clean machines or for washing?
3.81 Why can't gasoline be stored at home?
3.82 Why should the fuel system be cleaned regularly?
3.83 What is a fuel additive? What is the current status of the fuel additive market in China?
3.84 What are the functions of fuel additives?
3.85 How to purchase fuel additives?
4. Diesel Usage
4.86 What is the composition and properties of diesel?
4.87 What are the main characteristics of the world's advanced diesel standards?
4.88 What is the current status of China's diesel standards? What quality problems exist?
4.89 What factors mainly affect the quality change of diesel in China?
4.90 What measures should be taken to improve the quality of diesel in China?
4.91 What are the cloud point, pour point, and cold filter plugging point of diesel? What properties do they represent?
4.92 How is the grade of light diesel oil divided?
4.93 What is the knocking phenomenon of diesel?
4.94 What is the difference between the reasons for knocking in gasoline engines and diesel engines?
4.95 What is the cetane number of diesel? How is it defined?
4.96 Is a higher cetane number of diesel always better?
4.97 What is the relationship between the cetane number of diesel and its chemical composition?
4.98 How to correctly select diesel?
4.99 What is the oxidation stability of diesel? How to control it?
4.100 What are the hazards of high sulfur content in diesel? What are the sulfur content indicators for diesel in China?
4.101 What are the hazards of aromatic components in diesel?
4.102 What is the significance of the distillation data of diesel?
4.103 Why is the flash point of diesel controlled?
4.104 What is the ash content of diesel? What are its hazards?
4.105 What is the 10% residue carbon of diesel?
4.106 What is the copper strip corrosion of diesel?
4.107 What is the moisture content of diesel? What are its hazards?
4.108 What do water-soluble acids, bases, acidity, and mercaptans indicate about diesel?
4.109 What properties can density indicate for diesel?
4.110 What is the atomization performance of diesel?
4.111 What is the evaporation performance of diesel?
4.112 Will automotive oil products be dieselized? Should China develop diesel vehicles?
4.113 What is the development trend of diesel passenger cars worldwide?
4.114 What is the development trend of diesel passenger cars in China?
4.115 What progress has been made in China's technology for improving diesel quality?
4.116 What is clean diesel?
4.117 How to identify the quality of diesel?
Part 2: Lubricating Oils (Greases)
1. Basic Knowledge
1.38 What are the forms of friction and lubrication?
1.39 What are the application areas of automotive lubricating oils (liquids)?
1.40 What are the main components of lubricating oil?
1.41 How is base oil classified?
1.42 How is base oil classified in China?
1.43 How does the hydrocarbon structure of mineral base oil affect lubricating oil performance?
1.44 How is mineral lubricating oil produced from petroleum?
1.45 Why are additives added to lubricating oil?
1.46 What are the differences between mineral oil, hydrocracked oil, and synthetic oil as base oils?
1.47 What are the specification standards for lubricating oils and greases in China?
1.48 What is the meaning of "reported" indicators in oil product standards?
1.49 What methods and contents are used to test and evaluate the quality performance of lubricating oils and greases?
1.50 Can the quality of lubricating oil and grease be judged from their color?
2. Engine Lubricating Oil
2.151 What are the main lubricating and wear-prone parts of the engine and common failures?
2.152 Under what conditions does automotive engine lubricating oil operate?
2.153 What are the main functions of engine lubricating oil?
2.154 What performance should automotive engine lubricating oil have?
2.155 What is the lubricity of lubricating oil? How to improve lubricity?
2.156 What are the conventional quality indicators of lubricating oil?
2.157 How to determine the viscosity index of lubricating oil?
2.158 What is the role of base oil in engine lubricating oil?
2.159 What additives are commonly added to engine lubricating oil? What is the purpose of additives?
2.160 What is a composite additive?
2.161 What are the regulations for the order of adding additives?
2.162 How is engine lubricating oil classified?
2.163 What are the main international organizations that evaluate the quality grade of engine oil?
2.164 How to identify the grade and performance of engine oil (how to read an engine oil can)?
2.165 What is the meaning of each part of the API classification mark?
2.166 What is the specific content of the API quality grade classification for automotive engine oil?
2.167 What is the corresponding relationship between API, CCMC, and ACEA grades?
2.168 Which domestic enterprises' lubricating oil products have truly passed API certification?
2.169 How is the SAE viscosity grade of automotive engine oil divided?
2.170 What principles should be followed when selecting lubricating oil?
2.171 How to choose the quality grade of gasoline engine oil?
2.172 How to choose the quality grade of diesel engine oil?
2.173 How to choose the viscosity grade of internal combustion engine oil?
2.174 What are the advantages of multi-grade oil compared to single-grade oil?
2.175 Is multi-grade oil more expensive and higher quality than single-grade oil?
2.176 Why is the shear stability of multi-grade oil controlled?
2.177 What problems should be noted when using multi-grade oil?
2.178 What is the low-temperature dynamic viscosity of engine oil? What is its practical significance?
2.179 What is the low-temperature pumpability of engine oil?
2.180 What problems should be noted when selecting lubricating oil?
2.181 Why do different cars need different engine oils?
2.182 What are the differences in the requirements for lubricating oil between two-stroke gasoline engines and four-stroke gasoline engines?
2.183 What does the "high-end" of high-grade engine oil refer to? Can the grade of engine oil be improved by adding anti-wear additives?
2.184 Why are synthetic oil and semi-synthetic oil more expensive than mineral oil? What are their advantages?
2.185 How to distinguish between full synthetic oil, semi-synthetic oil, and mineral oil?
2.186 What should be noted when replacing mineral lubricating oil with synthetic oil?
2.187 What does GF-2 in "SJ/GF-2" mean? Is the ILSAC standard higher grade than the API standard?
2.188 What are the differences between CF and CF-2 or CF-4 oils?
2.189 What makes APISL grade engine oil higher-end?
2.190 Is engine oil that meets military standards higher-end?
2.191 Is the quality of "specialty oil" for gasoline engines or diesel engines better than that of "general-purpose oil"?
2.192 What are the characteristics of vehicle break-in? What kind of engine oil should be chosen during break-in?
2.193 Why should a lower viscosity lubricating oil be used during break-in?
2.194 Why must engine oil be replaced after break-in?
2.195 Why shouldn't domestic cars blindly use imported engine oil?
2.196 What kind of engine oil should be chosen for electronic fuel injection vehicles?
2.197 Do electronic fuel injection vehicles need to warm up in winter?
2.198 Is it necessary to use full synthetic engine oil for cars with general performance?
2.199 What are the characteristics of lubrication for gas-powered vehicles? Why can't gas-powered vehicles use ordinary gasoline or diesel engine oil for lubrication?
2.200 What is energy-saving lubricating oil?
2.201 Is it better to add more engine oil?
2.202 Is it better to choose a higher viscosity engine oil?
2.203 How to determine the viscosity of engine oil? Is pulling oil a good oil?
2.204 What are the differences between diesel engine oil and gasoline engine oil? Can they be mutually replaced?
2.205 Do qualified engine oils need to add additives separately?
2.206 Why do deposits form during the use of lubricating oil? What harm do they cause to the engine?
2.207 What factors affect the formation of deposits in the engine?
2.208 What harm does using poor-quality engine oil do to the automotive engine?
2.209 What physical and chemical analyses are generally performed on used engine oil? What are the monitoring and testing methods?
2.210 What changes occur in the quality of engine oil during use?
2.211 What are the oil change indicators for engine oil?
2.212 How to determine the addition and replacement of engine oil?
2.213 How to change engine oil?
2.214 How to determine the oil change period for lubricating oil?
2.215 Why should the oil change period be shortened for vehicles that frequently travel short distances?
2.216 Is it necessary to thoroughly clean the engine interior if the brands of engine oil are different but the type and viscosity are the same?
2.217 How to use engine lubricating oil correctly?
2.218 Can lubricating oils of the same type and viscosity but different brands be mixed and used?
2.219 How to distinguish the quality of new engine oil?
2.220 How to simply and intuitively identify whether used engine oil has deteriorated?
2.221 Why does engine oil turn black? Is the blackening of engine oil a sign of deterioration?
2.222 Is engine oil with a blue fluorescent layer a good oil?
2.223 What are the hazards of water contamination in engine oil? How to identify whether engine oil is contaminated with water?
2.224 How to determine whether the consumption of engine oil is normal?
2.225 How to determine the phenomenon of burning oil in the car while driving?
2.226 What are the main reasons for the engine oil light to turn on?
2.227 How to prevent the pollution of engine oil during use?
2.228 What measures can slow down the deterioration of lubricating oil during use?
3. Vehicle Gear Oil
3.229 What are the special quality requirements for vehicle gear oil?
3.230 What factors affect gear lubrication?
3.231 How is vehicle gear oil classified?
3.232 What are the specification standards for vehicle gear oil in China?
3.233 How to correctly select vehicle gear oil?
3.234 What should be noted when using vehicle gear oil?
3.235 What are the oil change indicators for vehicle gear oil?
3.236 What is multi-grade gear oil? Why is multi-grade gear oil used?
3.237 How to identify vehicle gear oil?
3.238 What is the relationship between the load-carrying capacity of gear oil and viscosity index and extreme pressure performance?
3.239 What kind of gear oil should be used for the rear axle?
3.240 Can hypoid gear oil be used to replace transmission gear oil?
3.241 What is the quality level of 18# hypoid gear oil?
3.242 Is the quality of gear oil marked with GX140 the same?
3.243 Why can't engine oil and gear oil be interchanged?
3.244 What should be noted when storing and managing gear oil?
4. Vehicle Brake Fluid (Brake Fluid)
4.245 What is vehicle brake fluid? What are its performance characteristics?
4.246 What types of vehicle brake fluid are there?
4.247 What are the specification standards for vehicle brake fluid?
4.248 Why is alcohol-based vehicle brake fluid being phased out?
4.249 What types of synthetic brake fluid are there?
4.250 What are the advantages of synthetic brake fluid?
4.251 How to select vehicle brake fluid?
4.252 What should be noted when using brake fluid?
4.253 How to determine the quality of brake fluid from its markings?
4.254 How to identify poor-quality brake fluid in a simple way?
4.255 Why should brake fluid be replaced regularly?
4.256 How often should brake fluid be replaced?
4.257 How to check brake fluid?
4.258 How to replace brake fluid?
5. Vehicle Automatic Transmission Fluid (Automatic Transmission Fluid)
5.259 What is vehicle automatic transmission fluid (automatic transmission fluid)? What is its function?
5.260 What is the composition of ATF?
5.261 What are the main performance requirements for ATF?
5.262 How is ATF classified? What are the main specifications?
5.263 Why can't GMDexron specification ATF and FordMercon specification ATF be mixed or mutually replaced?
5.264 Is the lubricating fluid used for manual transmission the same as that used for automatic transmission?
5.265 Can ATF be used all year round?
5.266 Why is it necessary to strictly control the amount of ATF added?
5.267 How to check the amount of ATF? How to add ATF?
5.268 How to determine whether ATF has deteriorated?
5.269 How to preliminarily judge whether the working condition of the transmission is normal based on the quality change of ATF?
6. Vehicle Lubricating Grease
6.270 What is lubricating grease? Which parts of the vehicle use lubricating grease?
6.271 What is the composition and function of lubricating grease?
6.272 What is a structure improver? How does it affect the performance of lubricating grease?
6.273 What are the main performance indicators for vehicle lubricating grease?
6.274 What are the main quality indicators of lubricating grease? What is the significance in use?
6.275 What are the common evaluation indicators for lubricating grease?
6.276 How is the grade of lubricating grease divided?
6.277 What is the classification of lubricating grease? What are the varieties and grades of automotive lubricating greases commonly used?
6.278 What is mid-range and high-end lubricating grease? Are mid-range and high-end lubricating greases special lubricating greases?
6.279 How to select lubricating grease?
6.280 Why does China recommend the use of general lithium-based lubricating grease for vehicles?
6.281 What problems should be noted when selecting and using lubricating grease?
6.282 Why does some lubricating grease have floating oil on the surface? Can such grease be used?
6.283 Can different types of lubricating greases be mixed and used?
6.284 What changes will occur in the performance of lubricating grease when mixed?
6.285 What is the difference in the oxidation stability of different types of lubricating greases?
6.286 Why do lubricating greases have different colors?
6.287 What is the viscosity of lubricating grease different from that of lubricating oil?
6.288 What changes occur in the quality of lubricating grease during use? How to identify?
6.289 Why does lubricating grease harden?
6.290 Can the viscosity of lubricating grease be made thinner by adding lubricating oil?
6.291 How to determine the upper limit of the use temperature of non-drip lubricating grease? Is the non-drip point a high-temperature resistant grease?
6.292 What is the oil change indicator for vehicle lubricating grease?
6.293 How to judge the quality of lubricating grease?
6.294 Why do some equipment use lubricating grease instead of lubricating oil?
6.295 Is full-bearing lubrication better than empty-bearing lubrication for automotive wheel hub bearings?
6.296 Can grease containing molybdenum disulfide be used for lubricating automotive wheel hub bearings?
6.297 Why should graphite lubricating grease be selected for lubricating automotive leaf springs?
7. Vehicle Cooling Fluid (Antifreeze)
7.298 What are the types of cooling fluid? What are their characteristics?
7.299 How many specifications does the current antifreeze standard in China have?
7.300 What are the main performance characteristics of antifreeze? How is it determined?
7.301 What functions do antifreeze additives have？
7.302 What principles should be followed when selecting antifreeze？
7.303 How does the addition of different amounts of water affect the freezing point when using concentrated liquid？
7.304 Why can't antifreeze concentrate be added directly？
7.305 What should be noted when using antifreeze？
7.306 Why should antifreeze be used all year round？
7.307 How to check antifreeze？
7.308 How to correctly replace antifreeze？
7.309 Is there a correlation between the color and performance of antifreeze？
7.310 Can antifreeze be selected by tasting？
7.311 How to identify counterfeit or poor-quality antifreeze in a simple way？
7.312 Why can't antifreeze of different brands be mixed and used？
7.313 What are the reasons for foaming or bubbling in antifreeze？
Part 3: Management of Automotive Oil Products
1. Storage, Transportation, and Quality Management of Oil Products
1.314 What are the main tasks of oil product quality management？
1.315 How to reduce the evaporation of light components of oil products and delay oxidation and deterioration？
1.316 How to prevent the deterioration of oil products due to the mixing of water and impurities？
1.317 How to prevent oil mixing or container pollution and deterioration？
1.318 Storage, transportation, and use management of automotive lubricating oils (liquids)
2. Safety Knowledge of Oil Products
2.319 What are the main safety properties of oil products？
2.320 How to prevent fires and explosions of oil products？
2.321 How to prevent static electricity in oil products？
2.322 How to prevent poisoning of oil product storage personnel？
2.323 How to prevent corrosion of oil product storage and transportation equipment？
2.324 What common fire-fighting equipment is usually used in places where oil products are stored, received, and used？
2.325 What are the characteristics of fires in filling stations？
2.326 How should fire-fighting equipment be equipped in filling stations？
Appendix 1: Euro I Form Certification Emission Limits
Appendix 2: Euro II Form Certification and Production Consistency Emission Limits
Appendix 3: Euro III Form Certification and Production Consistency Emission Limits
Appendix 4: Euro IV Form Certification and Production Consistency Emission Limits
Appendix 5: National Standard for CE Diesel Engine Oil (Q/DXLBR001-2002)
Appendix 6: National Standard for CF Diesel Engine Oil (Q/DXLBR001-2002)
Appendix 7: Physical and Chemical Requirements for SG, SH, SJ Grade Gasoline Engine Oil (Q/DXLBR002-2002)
Appendix 8: Physical and Chemical Requirements for SH Grade Gasoline Engine Oil (Q/DXLBR002-2002)
Appendix 3
Author: Liu Shuzhi Zhang Hongmei
Publisher:
Publishing Date: 2005-02-01
Features: This book introduces the basic knowledge, usage methods, precautions, and oil product safety management of automotive gasoline, diesel, and automotive lubricating oils (greases). The book includes 326 common questions with concise answers, making the text easy to understand and highly practical, serving as a guide for both automotive oil producers and users. It is suitable for fuel oil, lubricating oil (grease) production, management, and sales personnel, as well as for general automotive users, automotive maintenance and repair personnel, and students and teachers of relevant disciplines in colleges and universities.
Introduction: This book introduces the basic knowledge, usage methods, precautions, and oil product safety management of automotive gasoline, diesel, and automotive lubricating oils (greases). The book includes 326 common questions with concise answers, making the text easy to understand and highly practical, serving as a guide for both automotive oil producers and users. It is suitable for fuel oil, lubricating oil (grease) production, management, and sales personnel, as well as for general automotive users, automotive maintenance and repair personnel, and students and teachers of relevant disciplines in colleges and universities.
Table of Contents
Part 1: Fuel Oil
1. Basic Knowledge
1.1 What is energy? How is energy classified?
1.2 How is petroleum formed?
1.3 What chemical elements does petroleum consist of? What is the composition?
1.4 What are the appearance properties and main chemical composition of petroleum?
1.5 How are petroleum products classified?
1.6 What is distillation and fractional distillation? What are petroleum fractions?
1.7 What are physical properties? How are they generated?
1.8 Why are physical properties used to control oil product quality instead of chemical composition?
1.9 What are the current world's most advanced gasoline and diesel standards?
1.10 How is the quality of automotive oil products controlled? Why do quality indicators always change?
1.11 Why do different cars use different fuels?
1.12 What factors are related to the rational use of gasoline and diesel?
1.13 How to coordinate the contradiction between the quality and quantity of gasoline and diesel products in the production process?
1.14 What factors affect the improvement of automotive oil product quality?
1.15 How to reduce the pollution of urban motor vehicles to the environment?
1.16 What environmental pollutants are in the exhaust gas after the combustion of automotive oil products? What are their hazards?
2