Last hunting and gathering tribes

Author: Cao Baoming
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2004-11-01
Features: This book describes the survival journey and living patterns of northern fishing and hunting tribes through the author's personal experiences. Winter fishing, which is winter fishing, is a way of life for those living here. The posture of their movements on the ice and snow, their dialects and colloquialisms, their gestures and behaviors during work—suddenly, I felt that this place was exactly where I had been searching for all these years. So, I set off on the vast Chagan Nur, boarded the sled of a winter fishing person, and went with them to see the "lying fish." I lay on the earthen in the net house, listening to the wind and snow outside and falling asleep, and followed the old fisherman to pull fish and collect fish slices with the big cart of fish heads: Passing through the willow border from the provincial capital of Changchun to the west, there is a place called Songyuan, one of the seven regions of Jilin Province. There are very convenient railways and highways leading to it. When travelers arrive after two or three hours, in fact, you have already crossed the Willow Border with a history of over 400 years. The Willow Border in Northeast China is commonly known as the "border wall." It was first built in the 18th year of the Shunzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1661) and is divided into eastern and western sections. The eastern section runs from the sea south of Fenghuangcheng to Weiyuanbao in the northeast of Kaipu; the western section runs from Weiyuanbao to Shanhaiguan, known as the "Shengjing Border Wall" or the "Old Border." The "Willow Border" stretching from Kaipu near the old city to the north to Liangjia Mountain in the north of Jilin City (now Jilin City) is commonly known as the "New Border." The Old Border and the New Border were the boundaries drawn by the Qing Dynasty to protect the "ancestral homeland" and to reward the Mongol nobles for their assistance in overthrowing the Ming Dynasty with grazing lands. Today, many place names in Changchun are still called "Kao Bian Wu" and "Kao Bian Wang." The Songyuan reached by the people is composed of the former Qian Guoerlos Mongol Autonomous County and Lao Furuyu County (originally Baidu). Qian Guoerlos was the grazing land of former Mongol nobles, known as "Mongolian land" or "Mongolian wilderness." The hundreds of years of "ban" policy of the Qing Dynasty miraculously protected this area, making it a natural. A hundred years after the Shunzhi reign, the prosperous reign of Qianlong led to a sudden increase in the population of the Central Plains, but there was no more land to expand. Adding to the years of natural disasters, tens of thousands of farmers left their homes and walked through Shanhaiguan to the north to seek land, which became a major population migration in Chinese history known as "Changguandong." The Mongol lords and the court could no longer control the footsteps of the people seeking a livelihood, so they began to "measure the wilderness," "open the wilderness," calling it "cherish the land and nurture the people," and then the court had to issue the "Example of Recruiting People to Open Land in Liaodong," after many twists and turns, many Han people came to Qian Guoerlos and Baidu to open land and make a living. As the spades and hoes turned the dark, fertile soil, the water resources of rivers and lakes were also developed, and "water" is precisely the most important connotation of this land. When it comes to water, we cannot but think of the name of Jilin Province. Jilin, in ancient times, means "Wula," meaning "along the river and by the stream," referring to a place by the river. And this "river" is the Songhua River. The Manchu name for the Songhua River is "Song." The Songhua River is the most peculiar river in the world, as it has two sources. The southern source is Changbai Mountain, the highest peak in Northeast Asia; the northern source is the Nenjiang, which originates between the Greater and Lesser Khingan Mountains, known as "green water" in Mongolian and as "Nuoni River" in the Qing Dynasty. The Songhua River and the Nenjiang have a total length of nearly 200 kilometers within the jurisdiction of Songyuan (120 kilometers of the Songhua River and 61.7 kilometers of the Nenjiang), making Songyuan a place that can truly be called a "water culture" land, and its natural structure also makes it a water culture domain. If you look for Songyuan on the map of China, even if you can't read, as long as you look at the head of the "rooster" that is raising its head, you will find a place where two rivers merge into a "person" shape, that is Qian Guoerlos in Songyuan. Guoerlos, in Mongolian; "Guoer" is translated into "river" in Chinese, and "" is translated into "water" in Chinese; Guoerlos can be translated as "river water." In Mongolian, "Qian" and "south" are the same word, so Qian Guoerlos can be translated as "South Guoerlos," because the ancients often used the direction of rivers to locate places, "Qian" refers to this place being on the south bank of the Nenjiang, so people are accustomed to calling it the Nenjiang Plain, which refers to the fact that it was once the eastern part of the, also known as Nen. Songyuan is a place with true ancient cultural heritage. According to archaeological findings, humans have been living here as early as the late Paleolithic era, in the white sandy layer of the third layer of Qianshan Tou in the north bank of Chagan Nur in Muquan Township, preserving clear fossilized human bones and mammalian fossils. According to Wang Xun in "A Study of Guoerlos" and Su Hebaru and Wuyinshandan in "Legends of Chagan Nur and the History of Guoerlos," Guoerlos is the hometown of the Virgin Alanhua, and the eighth generation descendant of Alanhua, Khublai, was the first Khan of the Mongols, and his twelfth generation descendant was Genghis Khan, who established the Mongol Empire spanning Europe and Asia. In the 13th century, the Mongol Khanate under Genghis Khan not only unified the Mongol tribes but also made his brothers outstanding one after another. Among them, Genghis Khan's second brother, Qasar, who fought north and south with his brother for many years, was known as the "Demi-God of Demon-Slaying" and the "God of Archery," becoming an unforgettable figure on the Guoerlos grassland. In the ninth year of the Tianming era of the Yuan Dynasty (162), the ancestor of Qian Guoerlos Banner, Gumu, and his older brother Jimuba followed the Taiji Aoba to surrender to the Later Jin. Due to their repeated contributions in accompanying Nurhaci and Hong Taiji in battles, they were later enfeoffed as Dukes of. His eleventh-generation descendant, Jimusiteμου, was known as the last banner king. Historically, Qian Guoerlos was also a place where multiple ethnic groups lived and thrived, including the Jurchen, Khitan, Sibo, and Fuyu.