New University Writing

Author: Xu Zhongyu
Publisher:
Publishing Date: 2004-06-01
Features:
(II) The distinct comprehensiveness of writing lies in the fact that the article is not merely a product of the author's writing skills, but also a comprehensive reflection of the author's ideological level, life experience, temperament, knowledge reserves, talent, and writing techniques. Writing is, in essence, a highly comprehensive spiritual labor. The factors influencing writing are multifaceted. The author's own cultivation in terms of ideology, morality, and other aspects directly affects the content and quality of the article. Life is the source of writing; without life or material reserves, even the most ideologically advanced author cannot write a good article. Of course, to write a good article, one must have ideas, life experience, and moral integrity, coupled with rich knowledge and mastery of writing techniques, as well as strong language proficiency. To write any article, in terms of cultivation, it is inseparable from life, ideas, knowledge, techniques, language, and natural talent, among others. In terms of ability, it involves numerous aspects such as observation, perception, imagination, understanding, and expression. In terms of disciplines, it actually requires knowledge from various fields such as philosophy, history, psychology, literature, linguistics, logic, and writing. Therefore, every time an article is written, as long as the author is serious, has put in effort, and has made a genuine effort, it will inevitably be a comprehensive reflection of the author's various levels and qualities at the time of writing. In other words, every article reflects the author's comprehensive effort and is a skillful and artistic combination of the author's multifaceted qualities, abilities, and knowledge. Therefore, to improve writing skills, one must make comprehensive efforts in various aspects and focus on the comprehensive improvement of various qualities and abilities. The Song Dynasty poet Lu You once taught his son how to write poetry with the famous saying: "If you truly wish to write poetry, the effort lies outside the poem." (To My Son) This "effort outside the poem" refers to the cultivation and practice of other qualities, abilities, and moral integrity related to writing poetry, which is precisely what we mean by making comprehensive efforts.
(III) Strong practicality Writing is the creation of articles, and the process of creation is a continuous, even very intense, spiritual labor process, as well as an internal and external practical activity. Therefore, strong practicality is another prominent feature of writing. The focus of writing lies in "writing." Only by writing often can one transform theoretical knowledge into practical ability. The cultivation of ability must be achieved through practice. Because, from a perspective of laws, writing ability is never developed solely through listening or observing, but is primarily "done" and "written" through work. Therefore, after accumulating certain reserves in terms of ideology, life, and knowledge, while not neglecting further enrichment and improvement in these areas, more "writing," "creation," "comparison," and "revision" can play a decisive role in improving writing skills. On this point, Lu Xun also had very insightful views. He said: "As for how to write articles, I cannot say, because my own writing is the result of much reading and practice, with no other insights or methods." (To Lai Shaoyi) Here, Lu Xun has actually articulated his own insights or methods of writing, which are "much reading and practice." "Much reading" includes two meanings: first, it means observing more. One must love life, be a keen observer of life, and use one's own eyes to read this living book of the world; second, it means reading more. One must read the famous works of renowned masters, learn from the strengths of various schools, and also study some history, philosophy, and books on mathematics, physics, and chemistry. "Practice" means writing more. Only by writing and creating more, practicing repeatedly, thinking more, and never being complacent can one master the rules, become proficient through practice, and gradually improve.
(II) Pursuit of originality in theme In poetry creation, the theme is key. The quality and depth of the theme directly relate to the breadth and height of the poem's subject. The improvement of a poet's worldview is the prerequisite and key to enhancing the ideological level and artistic effect of poetry. Taking the representative work "Half a Tree" by the contemporary Chinese poet Niu Han as an example: Truly, I have seen half a tree / On a desolate hillside, like a person / Leaning sideways to avoid the storm ahead / It was struck by a thunderstorm in February / From the top to the roots / It was chopped off halfway in spring / When spring came, the half-tree still stood straight / Covered with green branches and leaves / Half a tree / Still as tall as a whole tree / Still as majestic as a whole tree / People say / The thunder will strike it again / Because it is still so straight and tall / The thunder has been watching it from a distant horizon The author captures the unique and novel image of a half-tree struck by lightning and, through vivid portrayal (emphasizing the blow from the winter thunder), symbolically expresses the image of intellectuals who suffered unjust blows during the Cultural Revolution, as well as their unyielding will to survive and belief in struggle, conveying a powerful emotional impact. To achieve an original theme, poets must continuously discover and explore fresh experiences in life while exploring and employing fresh vocabulary with contemporary characteristics. Only in this way can they create successful and moving poems, allowing poetry to develop through innovation.
(III) Polishing exquisite composition The artistic composition of poetry is reflected in the creation, movement, and combination of images, as well as the refinement of artistic conception. Here, artistic conception refers to a relatively complete combination of images. Traditional Chinese poetry theory emphasizes the creation of artistic conception, while modern poetry theory places greater emphasis on the creation and dynamic combination of images. Some say that without artistic conception and images, there is no poetry, and this is very reasonable. The artistic conception of poetry is the product of the specific application of the principle of typicalization in poetic creation. Through unique artistic means, poets appeal to readers with tangible images and realms while conveying profound meanings. Therefore, for poetic creation, composition and artistic conception are closely related. Exquisite composition can create profound artistic conception. For example, the seven-line "White Emperor to Jiangling" by the Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai: "Farewell to the White Emperor among the colorful clouds, / A thousand miles of Jiangling returned in a day. / The howling monkeys on both banks do not stop, / The light boat has already passed through the ten thousand mountains." This widely known poem uses the three words "among the colorful clouds" to portray the towering and perilous White Emperor City; it also describes the speed of the journey from the White Emperor to Jiangling from morning to evening with the phrase "a thousand miles returned in a day"; the majestic and continuous Three Gorges, as well as the rushing Yangtze River, are briefly passed over with the sound of monkeys howling incessantly and a light boat passing through the mountains. Yet these small strokes have stirred the author and readers with surging emotions that never fade. The vast river flows as if before our eyes, and the thunderous waves seem to brush past our faces, sparking endless reverie. We seem to see Li Bai's unrestrained and broad-minded spirit pouring out in this dynamic scene. If we say that the artistic conception of classical Chinese poetry is relatively complete and stable, then images are the more fundamental and dynamic elements in poetry. They are both intuitive and visual, yet also polysemous, changeable, and general. In this sense, poetic composition is both a continuous process of creating new images and a dynamic process of constantly disrupting and recombining images in conventional or unconventional ways, and then disrupting and recombining them again. When images are continuously reorganized and connected through the poet's soaring imagination, they can form structural leaps and anomalies through the unconventional connections of various fragments, leaving readers with artistic space for further imagination and transforming original single images into composite images, thereby conveying complex emotions and atmospheres that are even beyond words. For example, the poem "Nostalgia" by the Taiwanese poet Yu Guangzhong: "In childhood, nostalgia was a small stamp / I was on this side, my mother on the other. / When I grew up, nostalgia was a narrow boat ticket / I was on this side, my bride on the other. / Later, nostalgia was a low tomb / I was outside, my mother inside. / And now, nostalgia is a shallow strait / I am on this side, the mainland on the other." In the poem, "the small stamp," "the narrow boat ticket," "the low tomb," and "the shallow gulf" initially appear to be four unrelated images. However, when the poet organizes them in chronological order, from small to large and from far to near, organically, they form a track of emotional flow, vividly and vividly depicting the captivating nostalgia, full of artistic expressiveness. As a poetry apprentice, to write successful poems, one must diligently appreciate the exquisite composition of excellent poems and strive to polish composition in writing practice, continuously improving one's compositional ability.
1. Promoting productivity Comrade Deng Xiaoping once clearly pointed out: "Science and technology are productive forces, which has always been the view of Marxism. Over a hundred years ago, Marx said that the development of machine production required the conscious application of natural sciences. As productive forces, science and technology are increasingly demonstrating their immense role." Comrade Jiang Zemin also pointed out: "In today's world, science and technology are developing at a rapid pace and rapidly transforming into practical productive forces, increasingly becoming the most active factor and the main driving force in modern productive forces." Science and technology writing carries the important mission of disseminating scientific and technological information to productive laborers and enhancing their scientific literacy, serving as a crucial bridge for transforming advanced science and technology into productive forces.
2. Summarizing scientific and technological achievements The world-renowned scientist Faraday once said that scientific research has three stages: first, exploration, second, completion, and third, development. If scientific achievements cannot be written into articles and published, they cannot have a broad impact. Especially today, with the rapid advancement of scientific and technological achievements and the fierce competition in comprehensive national strength and scientific and technological between countries, statistics show that an average of over a thousand patents are invented and created every day, and tens of thousands of papers are published daily. In this context, it is particularly important to publish one's scientific and technological achievements in a timely and accurate manner. In recent years, the number of papers published by Chinese scientists in international core journals has grown rapidly, with some even published in renowned journals such as "Nature" and "Science." However, overall, the number of papers published by China and the number of patent applications still lag significantly behind those of developed countries.
3. Facilitating the exchange of scientific and technological information With the emergence of the "global village," human communication has reached an unprecedented level of closeness. High-tech revolutionary products like the Internet have connected people as one. In such an era, communication is of great significance to the development of science and technology. There are various forms of communication, but the formation of scientific and technological literature through scientific and technological writing is the main form. The famous scientist Mao Yisheng once said: "The prosperity and prosperity of human science and technology in today's world cannot be attributed to the thousands of years of written records, and even more so, we must value the ability to write scientific and technological articles."
(I) Types of administrative documents According to the "Measures for the Handling of Public Documents of National Administrative Organs" issued by the State Council on August 24, 2000, the current 13 types of public documents commonly used in national administrative organs in China are: (1) commands (orders), (2) decisions, (3) announcements, (4) notices, (5) notices, (6) reports, (7) proposals, (8) reports, (9) requests, (10) replies, (11) opinions, (12) letters, (13) minutes of meetings. These 13 types of documents can be classified in many ways according to different criteria, among which the most common and important are classified according to the formal relationship of the documents. The following is a brief introduction:
Upward documents: refer to documents submitted by lower-level organs to higher-level organs, including reports, requests, and certain letters and opinions. Upward documents can be divided into progressive upward documents, multi-level upward documents (i.e., submitting to several levels of superiors at the same time), and non-graded upward documents.
Downward documents: refer to documents issued by higher-level organs to lower-level organs and units, including commands (orders), decisions, notices, reports, replies, opinions, and minutes of meetings, as well as certain letters. Downward documents can be divided into progressive downward documents, multi-level downward documents, and direct downward documents. Documents that can be publicly disclosed, such as announcements and notices, can also be considered downward documents.
Parallel documents: refer to documents exchanged between peer-level organs or units that are not under each other's jurisdiction for the purpose of coordinating work, such as proposals, letters, and certain notices and minutes of meetings. It should be specially noted that what is called a subordinate relationship refers to the leadership and subordination relationship between upper and lower levels within the same system, as well as the business guidance and subordination relationship between higher-level business departments and lower-level business departments. Those without a subordinate relationship, regardless of the size of the organs, are considered parallel relationships, or can be referred to as horizontal cooperation relationships. Correspondence between them should use the document type "letter." Here is also a brief introduction to the types of documents for public organizations stipulated in the "Regulations on the Handling of Public Documents of the Communist Party of China," which are a total of 14 types: (1) resolutions, (2) decisions, (3) instructions, (4) opinions, (5) notices, (6) reports, (7) bulletins, (8) reports, (9) requests, (10) replies, (11) regulations, (12) provisions, (13) letters, (14) minutes of meetings. Except for resolutions, instructions, bulletins, regulations, and provisions, the rest are the same as administrative documents. The current public documents in Hong Kong and Macao regions of China mainly include orders, notices, official letters, general letters, notices, notices, reports, and meeting records. The administrative documents of Taiwan Province of China mainly include six categories: orders, submissions, consultations, letters, announcements, and other documents (bookletters, table-form documents, etc.).