MacArthur

Author: Wen Zhiqiang
Publisher:
Publish Date: 1998-10-01
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Douglas MacArthur (1880.1.26–1964.4.5), U.S. Army General of the Army. Born in Little Rock, Arkansas, to a military family. After graduating from elementary school, he entered West Texas Military Academy. In 1899, he was admitted to the U.S. Military Academy (West Point). In 1903, he graduated with honors and served in the Corps of Engineers, deployed to the Philippines. From 1905 to 1906, he accompanied his father on military inspections to Japan, China, India, and Southeast Asia. Upon returning, he briefly served as a personal aide to President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1912, he was transferred to the War Department. In 1917, he became the chief of staff of the 42nd Infantry Division and fought in World War I in France. In 1919, he became the president of West Point Military Academy and implemented a series of reforms. In 1922, he returned to the Philippines and served as the commander of Manila District. In 1925, he was promoted to major general and returned to China to serve as the commander of the Third Military District. In 1928, he became the commander of the U.S. forces in the Philippines. In 1930, he became the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army and vigorously promoted the modernization of the U.S. military. In 1935, he became the military advisor to the Philippines and was awarded the title of Field Marshal of the Philippine Army the following year. In 1937, he retired from active duty in the U.S. Army. In July 1941, he re-entered the military as the commander of the U.S. forces in the Far East. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, he commanded the U.S.-Filipino forces to resist the Japanese invasion in the Philippines and was forced to abandon Manila and retreat to the Bataan Peninsula due to operational setbacks. In March 1942, he was transferred to Australia and soon became the Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Area. He emphasized the importance of the Pacific theater and held to the "Europe First" strategy. From July of that year to January of the next, he commanded the Southwest Pacific Allied forces to achieve victory in the Battle of Papua, then advanced westward, employing "island-hopping" tactics to launch multiple amphibious landings, capturing New Guinea by July 1944. In October of the same year, he began the Philippine campaign, capturing Leyte Island in December. In January 1945, he landed troops on Luzon, capturing Manila in early March, and occupied the entire Philippine archipelago by July. In August, he was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied forces to oversee the occupation of Japan. On September 2, he accepted Japan's surrender on behalf of the Allies. During the occupation of Japan, he implemented comprehensive democratic reforms, which had a significant impact on post-war Japanese history. In June 1950, after the outbreak of the Korean War, he became the Supreme Commander of the United Nations Command, ordering the U.S. Eighth Army into Korea and coordinating with South Korean forces to hold the Busan area. In September, he commanded the U.S. landing at Incheon, crossing the 38th parallel to occupy Pyongyang, and advancing toward the Yalu River. However, after facing strong counterattacks from the Chinese People's Volunteer Army and the North Korean People's Army, he was forced to retreat south of the 38th parallel. Due to his insistence on expanding the scale of the Korean War and publicly criticizing President Truman's global strategy, he was dismissed in April 1951. After returning to the U.S., he ran for president but failed. In 1952, he became the chairman of the board of Remington Rand Corporation.