Agricultural Dictionary

Author: Chief Editor: Guo Hesheng / et al
Publisher:
Publishing Date: 1998-09-01
Features:
Fragment: Whitebackleafmallotus (Mallotusapelta (Lour.) Muell.Arg.), Euphorbiaceae, genus Mallotus. Shrub or small tree. Distributed in Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other provinces; also found in Vietnam. Small branches densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves broadly ovate, entire or 3 shallowly lobed, 4.5–15 cm long, 4–14 cm wide, covered with stellate hairs and brown glands on both sides. Spike-like inflorescences terminal or lateral; flowers unisexual, dioecious, without petals; stamens 50–60; ovary covered with stellate hairs and soft spines. Capsule nearly spherical, about 7 mm in diameter. Seed oil can replace tung oil for making soap, etc. Roots are used in medicine, with the effect of promoting blood circulation and relieving muscle pain.
White-margined moth (whitemarginedmoth) Euxoa ober-thuri Leech, also known as white-margined cutworm, white-margined root worm. Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae. Distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Sichuan, Guizhou and other provinces; also found in Japan and Korea. Host plants include millet, sorghum, wheat, corn, legumes, beet, and weeds like Sonchus. Adult moths have a wingspan of 37–45 mm, forewings brown with distinct patterns, with a prominent grayish-white or yellowish-white wide margin at the anterior margin; hindwings pale brown. The last instar larvae are 35–40 mm long, grayish-brown, smooth-bodied, with a distinct "figure-eight" pattern on the head; anal plate yellowish-brown, with small black dots concentrated into two arcuate patterns at the base. One generation occurs per year in various regions, overwintering as eggs on the soil surface. Larvae are more common in weedy wastelands and field edges. Control measures include removing weeds, using pesticides like methyl parathion and dimethoate to kill young larvae.
Pak-choi (no-headchinesecabbag) Brassicacampestres L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino, also known as loose-leaf cabbage, commonly known as green vegetables, anciently called Napa. Brassicaceae, genus Brassica, species Brassica, subspecies chinensis. 2n = 2x = 20. Includes five varieties: common cabbage, waxy cabbage, flowering cabbage, broccoli, and tillering cabbage. Originated in China. Leaf color ranges from light green to dark green or purplish-red, leaves entire with a few notches, spoon-shaped, round, ovate, or oblong, with distinct petioles, flat or round, generally without leaf wings. Flower stalk leaves are ovate, clasping the stem. Compound racemose inflorescences, cross-pollination, entomophilous flowers. Long pods. Seeds spherical, reddish-brown or purplish-brown. Prefers cool, humid climates, with heat-tolerant and cold-tolerant varieties, adaptable, requiring ample fertilizer and water. Numerous varieties suitable for year-round production, with leaves, tender stems, and flower stalks as products, fresh or pickled, with excellent flavor, rich in vitamins, minerals, and small amounts of sugar, protein, and fiber.
Chinese cabbage crops (Chinesecabbagecrops) The general term for vegetables like cabbage and head cabbage. Brassicaceae, genus Brassica, species Brassica, cultivated subspecies. Includes cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and turnip. All are biennial or perennial herbs. Originated in China, prefers cool, humid climates, requiring ample fertilizer and water during growth, with strong soil water and fertilizer retention. Generally forms leaf rosettes or heads in autumn and winter, completing vernalization under low temperatures (below 15°C) for a certain period, then flowering, budding, and setting seeds in the following spring under long-day conditions. Cross-pollination, chromosome number 2n = 2x = 20. Propagation by seed. Easy hybridization between subspecies and varieties, requiring isolation for seed production. Similar pests and diseases, requiring crop rotation. Products include tender leaf rosettes, heads, flowering stems, or tender stems, with excellent flavor, rich in vitamins, minerals, and small amounts of protein, sugar, and fiber. Numerous varieties, widely adaptable, one of China's major vegetables, widely cultivated in Japan, Korea, Southeast Asian countries, and increasingly introduced in Europe and America as a global vegetable.
Pakchoi rape (Pakchoirape) Also known as dwarf rape, sweet rape, small rape, and oil cabbage. One type of rapeseed. In China, it includes northern small rape (Brassicacampestris L.) and southern oil cabbage (B. chinensis L. var. oleifera Mak.). This type of rapeseed has a shorter plant height and lower branching point. Leaf color ranges from dark green to light green, with upper stem leaves without petioles, base of leaves clasping the stem. Flowers pale yellow to deep yellow, with large petals overlapping on both sides when blooming. Strong self-incompatibility, an entomophilous crop. Pods are relatively large, with a prominent beak. Seed oil is not pungent. In spring rape production areas like the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Northeast Plain, small rape is dominant, while in coastal areas of South China, springer rape with stronger spring habit is preferred. Generally earlier maturing, requiring less fertilizer. Dual-purpose vegetable and oil crop.
White tea (whitetea) A unique type of tea in China. Produced in Fuding, Jianyang, Zhenghe, Songxi, and other counties in Fujian Province, with small production in Taiwan Province. Fresh leaves are processed through two steps: wilting and drying. Named for its abundant white (buds and tips), with characteristics of: abundant white, light yellow soup, prominent aroma, strong flavor, high aroma and sweet, clear taste, a rare delicacy. Products are divided into three types based on bud and leaf tenderness and tea tree varieties: Silver Needle, White Peony, and Gunpowder. Exported to Southeast Asian countries, France, Germany, etc.
Chemistry of white tea (chemistryofwhitetea) The chemical changes in tea components during white tea processing. Fresh leaves for white tea are buds and leaves, requiring strong buds with colored fuzz, good tenderness, and without damage to buds and leaves. The wilting process features thin spreading, ambient temperature (20–25°C), low humidity (relative humidity around 70%), and a long duration (about 60 hours) to slowly evaporate moisture from buds and leaves, allowing moderate changes in their internal components: partial oxidation of polyphenols and hydrolysis of ester-type catechins; slight degradation and transformation of chlorophyll, leading to gradual degradation of cell membrane fatty acids; oxidation of aldehydes and aromatic substances from fresh-leaf alcohols like geraniol. Achieves grayish-green color, prominent white, mellow aroma with fragrance, bright yellow soup, and tender leaf base, the unique quality of white tea.
Examination and evaluation of white tea (examinationandevaluationofwhitetea) One type of tea quality assessment. Evaluates the quality and grade of finished white tea against standard samples. Products mainly include Silver Needle, White Peony, and Gunpowder, each with distinct characteristics. External evaluation includes tenderness, color, shape, and cleanliness. ① Tenderness. Silver Needle evaluates bud heads, with pure bud heads being fat, long, without stems or pedicles, resembling needles as excellent; White Peony and Gunpowder evaluate fuzz, with abundant, fat fuzz and thick leaf tissue being superior. ② Color. Silver Needle is excellent with all buds covered in white fuzz; White Peony and Gunpowder are preferred with silver-white, glossy fuzz and gray-green leaf surfaces, avoiding grassy green or reddish-black. ③ Shape. Same as white tea. ④ Cleanliness. Requires no old stems, leaves, or other debris.
Internal quality evaluation: ① Aroma: Fresh, fragrance is preferred. ② Soup color: Apricot-yellow, clear, bright is excellent; reddish, turbid is inferior. ③ Taste: Fresh, mellow, and sweet is preferred. Leaf base: Tender, uniform, complete, grayish-green, and bright is superior; broken, reddish, and mixed is inferior.
White-winged leafhopper (whitewingedleafhopper) Thaiarubignosa Kuoh, Insecta, Homoptera, Cicadellidae. Known to be distributed only in Xinjiang in China. Host plants include wheat, barley, rye, and Festuca. Adults are 2.8–3.5 mm long, black, with yellowish-brown tarsi, and a bluish-black metallic luster on the thorax and abdomen under light. Wings are pale grayish-white, densely covered with short hairs, with a faint purple luster, a broken base on the anterior vein, white wing margins, and a spherical, creamy-yellow terminal club. The last instar larvae are 4.0–4.5 mm long, dirty yellow, with a black mouthpart and 4 teeth on the body, covered with many small spines. Two generations occur per year, overwintering as pupae in the soil. Adults fly strongly; females pierce the host's epidermis with their tail spines to feed, leaving a stitching machine-like scraping mark. Eggs are laid singly at one end of the scraping mark in the leaf tissue, often near the leaf tip; newly hatched larvae feed only towards the leaf tip, but turn back to the leaf base at the third instar, creating bag-like tunnels. Control measures include plowing to eliminate residues, using systemic insecticides mixed with seeds, and spraying pesticides during larval hatching.
White-winged planthopper (whitewingedplanthopper) Thaiarubignosa Kuoh, Insecta, Homoptera, Cicadellidae. Distributed south of the Yellow River in China, west to Sichuan, and south to Hainan Province. Host plants include rice, wheat, millet, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, water chestnut, soybean, rapeseed. Adults are 3.3–3.6 mm long, orange-yellow to pale yellowish-brown, with a diamond-shaped pattern formed by a fine ridge in the center of the pronotum. Forewings are white and translucent, with the hind surface of the abdomen and anal segment black. The last instar nymphs are 2.2–2.8 mm long, pale yellowish-green, with spines and hairs on the body, smoky-brown cloud patterns on the thorax, and wing buds extending to the fifth abdominal segment. 2–5 generations occur per year in China, overwintering as adults. Eggs are scattered on the midrib tissue of leaves. Nymphs are poor jumpers. Mainly damages rice in summer and autumn, feeding on the underside of leaves, creating scattered small white spots that develop into white stripes. Control measures include timely spraying of pesticides like dichlorvos, malathion, and carbaryl on early and middle rice seedlings to kill overwintering adults.
White-lipped deer (whitelippeddeer) Cervusalbirostris Przewalski, one of the antlered deer. Subfamily Cervinae, genus Cervus. Named for the white sides of the nose and upper lip. A monotypic species, a rare, precious, and endemic animal of China. Distributed in Gansu, Qinghai, western Sichuan, and Tibet. Has a large body size. Body color is grayish-brown, with a darker back, darker head, neck, and face, and a lighter abdomen. The rump patch is large, including the tail, and is light yellow. Fawn has faintly visible white spots that gradually disappear with age. Stags grow antlers, while hinds do not. Fawns sprout antlers in the second spring after birth, branching in the third year. The main stem is flat and round, with a total of five branches, and the antler skin is black. Antlers shed 3–5 times, starting to harden in August and shedding antler skin in September. White deer inhabit alpine forests and shrublands at altitudes of 3,500–5,000 m, adapted to cold, high-altitude climates, often moving in small groups and rarely staying in one place for long. Stags reach sexual maturity at 3 years old; hinds at 1.5 years old. Gestation lasts 225–255 days, with one fawn per litter. White deer can hybridize with red deer. Deer antlers have medicinal value and are the second most productive after red deer. Raised and domesticated in areas like Qilian, Datong, and Zhido in Qinghai Province. A first-class protected animal in China.
White nitraria (siberiannitraria) Nitrariasibirica Pall., genus Nitraria. Deciduous, spiny shrub. Distributed in northwestern to northern provinces of China and also in Russia. Stems are highly branched, spreading on the ground, sometimes erect, with grayish-white bark. Young branches have silky hairs, with terminal spines. Leaves are succulent, clustered, entire, with silky hairs, sessile, round-spade-shaped, obtuse at the tip, with a small acuminate apex, and stipules. Scorpion-tailed corymb; flowers small; calyx 5, triangular; petals 5, yellowish-green; stamens 10–15, superior, 3-locular. Berries are ovoid or elliptical, dark purple-red, with a bony endocarp and thin exocarp. Prefers alkaline soil and drought tolerance. Fruit is sour and sweet, edible, can be used for making wine and vinegar; medicinal use for treating stomach and lung diseases. Fruit kernels can be pressed for oil. Also an important windbreak and sand-fixing plant.
Anthrenuspimpinellae Fabricius (white-b) Insecta, Coleoptera, Dermestidae. Distributed in Asia and Europe; in China, found in Northeast, North, Northwest, East, and Sichuan. Larvae damage silkworm cocoons, medicinal materials, animal specimens, hair, leather, and their products. Adults are 2.0–4.5 mm long, oval-shaped, densely covered with scales; the basal half of the elytra has a wide transverse band composed of white scales resembling an "H" shape. In Inner Mongolia, one generation occurs per year, overwintering as larvae. Both adults and larvae have a (pretend death). Adults feed on pollen and nectar. Larvae prefer dark and humid environments, with 9 instars. Control methods are the same as for small round dermestid.
Albumin/globulin ratio (albumin/globulinratio, A/G) The ratio of albumin to globulin in serum. Usually, albumin is more abundant than globulin in dogs, sheep, and rabbits, while albumin is equal to or less than globulin in horses, cows, and pigs. A decrease in total serum protein, albumin, and globulin ratio is seen in chronic liver disease, kidney disease, protein-losing enteropathy, long-term parasitic infections, severe serum loss (ascites, pleural effusion, burns, and trauma), pernicious anemia, and cachexia. An increase in total serum protein with a decreased albumin/globulin ratio is seen in various infections and chronic liver disease. An increase in total serum protein with an unchanged albumin/globulin ratio is seen in various dehydration and shock states. A decrease in total serum protein with an increased albumin/globulin ratio is seen in newborns not yet suckled and animals in the terminal stage of death.
Geotrichumcandidum, a fungus, can be used as feed. The colony spreads flat, with soft tissue and creamy-white color. Commonly found on milk and yogurt, various dairy products, and often on pickles and sauces, used for making yeast tablets and nucleotides, and also specialized products for livestock protein feed. Contains 4.58% moisture, 52.5% crude protein, 3.29% crude fat, 9.0% total sugar, and 175 mg/kg phosphorus, 75 mg/kg iron, 0.936 mg/kg thiamine, and 0.448 mg/kg riboflavin. The protein content of Geotrichum candidum is higher than that of soybean and slightly lower than that of high-quality fish meal, with lower methionine content but higher lysine content than fish meal, making it a high-quality single-cell protein feed.
Whitespotdisease (whitespotdisease) Also known as Ichthyophthiriasis. A fish disease caused by protozoan parasites. The pathogen in freshwater fish is Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (see figure), with an oval or spherical body covered in short cilia, a cytostome at the front, and a macronucleus shaped like a horseshoe or sausage, with a spherical micronucleus. The pathogen in marine fish is Ichthyophthirius marinus, also known as Cryptocaryon irritans, with the main difference being that the macronucleus is composed of 4–8 oval clusters connected in a chain. They parasitize the gills and body surface of freshwater and marine fish, forming white spots and excessive mucus, which can cause mass mortality, especially in ornamental fish and aquarium fish. Control methods include using malachite green and sublimated mercury acetate.
Cardamon (cardamonamomum) Amomumcompactum SolandexMaton, also known as cardamom and round cardamom. Zingiberaceae, genus Amomum. A perennial, evergreen herb. Found in southeastern Asia, with distribution in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. The plant resembles a banana. Leaves are long and slender. Blooms in early summer with pale yellow flowers, densely clustered in spike-like inflorescences. Fruits mature in autumn, with oval capsules. Seeds are dark brown. Seeds are used in medicine, with a warm nature and pungent taste, functions to regulate qi, dispel dampness, and harmonize the stomach. Used for treating stomach pain, chest tightness, abdominal distension, vomiting, and belching.
White cypress pine (whitearilyew) Pseudotaxuschienii (Cheng) Cheng, also known as short water pine. Taxaceae, genus Pseudotaxus. Evergreen shrub or small tree. Scattered in mountainous areas at altitudes of 800–1400 m in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi. Height 7 m. Bark is grayish-brown, peeling into strips. Branches are opposite or nearly whorled. Leaves are spirally arranged, twisted into two rows, linear, 1.5–2.6 cm long, 2.5–4.5 mm wide, with a raised midrib on both sides, and two white powdery bands below. Dioecious. Seeds mature in the same year, with drupes, ovoid, 5–8 mm long, 4–5 mm in diameter, attached to white, fleshy cup-like arils. The species is not numerous and should be protected and cultivated more for ornamental purposes.
Mango cicada (mangocicada) Lawanaimitata (Meli-char), also known as green-winged cicada. Insecta, Homoptera, Cicadidae. Distributed in India and Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, and Taiwan in China. Host plants include Michelia, Michelia alba, fig, Feronia, Syzygium, Grevillea, Durian, Lychee, Mango, Plum, and Peach, among dozens of fruit trees and woody plants. Adults are 16–21 mm long, yellowish-white to emerald green, covered with white wax powder. Pronotum is small, mesonotum is developed, with three longitudinal ridges. Forewings have a straight outer margin, a sharp and slightly elongated posterior angle that protrudes upward, and a large white spot near the base (about 1/4 of the wing). Hindwings are larger than forewings, white or yellowish-white. The last instar nymphs are about 8 mm long, flat, white, covered with white wax powder, with a straight tip at the end of wing buds and a bundle of long wax filaments at the end of the abdomen. China has two generations per year, overwintering as adults on dense branches and leaves. Eggs are laid in clusters on young branches or petioles, in the shape of long blocks. Newly hatched nymphs have a gregarious nature. Adults and nymphs are good jumpers. Control measures include combined winter and summer pruning, removing infested branches and leaves to reduce sources of infection, and spraying pesticides like dichlorvos, malathion, and carbaryl on early and middle rice seedlings to kill overwintering adults.