How to determine if there is kidney failure

Patient's question:

I was taking a tutoring class last week when I heard the teacher explain the key points of kidney failure, but I was a bit distracted, so I didn't hear very clearly. So, how can you infer kidney failure?

Doctor's answer:

After the oliguric period, urine output gradually increases. When daily urine output falls below 500 milliliters, it indicates the onset of the polyuric period. Thereafter, urine output doubles daily, reaching a maximum of 3,000 to 6,000 milliliters per day, or even exceeding 10,000 milliliters. At the beginning of the polyuric period, although urine output continues to rise, renal clearance remains low, and the accumulation of metabolites produced in the body persists.

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