Public service system in China (Central and Local)

Author: China (Hainan) Reform and Development Research Institute
Publisher:
Publishing Time: Not available
Features: Recently, the new book China's Public Service System: Central and Local Relations, edited by the China (Hainan) Reform and Development Research Institute, was published by the China Economic Publishing House. The publication of this book has concentrated the research findings of the China (Hainan) Reform and Development Research Institute and has also compiled the papers from the institute's 2006 International Symposium on "China's Public Service System: Central and Local Relations." Standing at a new historical starting point, the book begins by analyzing the challenges faced by the current central-local relations, which are oriented toward economic output, and points out the basic direction and tasks for reforming and adjusting central-local relations during China's economic transition and social transformation. The publication of this book is highly timely. Currently, building a harmonious society has become China's overarching, forward-looking, and strategic goal. China is in a golden period of development but also a period of frequent conflicts, requiring institutional and mechanism-based safeguards to ensure social fairness and justice, reduce the widening wealth gap, and minimize social disharmony. The book argues that with the comprehensive and rapid growth of public demand in China, it is necessary to accelerate the establishment of a socialist public service system in the process of further improving the socialist market economy system, with the goal of meeting the basic needs of all members of society, and gradually achieving equalization of basic public services. Focusing on equalization of basic public services, further reform and standardization of central-local relations can not only gradually narrow the gap in basic public services between regions but also have a significant and positive impact on breaking the GDP performance-oriented mindset, accelerating the establishment of a service-oriented government, coordinating major interest relationships, and upholding social fairness and justice. The book considers the issue from the perspective of China's transition from a survival-oriented to a development-oriented society, a historic new starting point. At a specific stage of social transformation, the comprehensive and rapid growth of public demand is inevitable. Precisely in this context, issues such as high medical costs and difficulties in accessing education have become increasingly prominent. In fact, public services in China suffer from insufficient investment, but the key problem lies in unreasonable institutional and mechanism frameworks. In recent years, the Chinese government has made significant investments in basic public services. However, overall, the current central-local relations remain oriented toward economic output. In the new stage of reform and development, this economic output-oriented central-local relations face an inherent and irreconcilable contradiction between the macro-control objectives of the central government and the performance evaluation of local governments. The book also collects papers from some international experts, which is very helpful for drawing on international experience. From an international perspective, establishing central-local relations on the basis of equalization of basic public services is crucial for social harmony. Based on China's realities, the book points out that achieving a shift in central-local relations from an "economic output-led" model to an "equalization of basic public services as the focus" is both realistic and urgent. An economic output-oriented central-local relations leads local governments to focus more on regional economic growth and fiscal revenue, driving rapid investment growth in their areas. In this context, some local governments are overly enthusiastic about attracting investment and managing cities, thereby weakening their public service capabilities and severely failing to fulfill their public service functions. The book systematically proposes countermeasures and suggestions for the next phase of China's public service system construction and reform and adjustment of central-local relations. , it is necessary to update government concepts, shifting from "regulation" to "governance." Overall, in the provision of public services, the government not only sets rules but is also a key participant, bearing responsibility for the final outcomes and requiring a certain level of control. It is also important to note that in the new era, competition and cooperation exist among government organizations and non-governmental organizations to some extent, indicating that people in the process of social development are not only subject to government regulations but also influenced by various non-governmental organizations and ideologies. Meanwhile, the performance evaluation and measurement systems for government-provided public services are also evolving. In the process of building the public service system, efficiency must be improved through interaction and mutual restraint. The government should strengthen the public finance system, adjust fiscal revenue and expenditure structures, and allocate more funds to the public service sector, especially to meet the basic service needs of vulnerable groups, providing effective supply in a timely manner. Second, central-local public service responsibilities should be institutionalized and constrained. Currently, the division of financial power between central and local governments has been solidified by the 1994 tax division system, and it is necessary to further improve shared tax revenue distribution methods and enhance the intensity and effectiveness of fiscal transfers. However, without clearly defined overall public service responsibilities, the division of responsibilities between central and local governments still relies on administrative orders, leading to a lack of competition and interaction in public service provision and a certain degree of formality in accountability mechanisms. Given that administrative bodies are composed of individuals representing various interests, there are incentive and constraint issues in the face of incomplete and asymmetric information, which may affect the implementation of urgently needed public service projects. Additionally, it should be noted that if central-local public service responsibilities are not institutionalized and legally constrained, even if the practice of "running to departments for funds" decreases with "rectification," it will manifest in other forms. Such rent-seeking in the form of "special interest groups" contradicts social fairness and justice and may prevent public service provision from achieving its intended effects. Third, it is necessary to promote and guarantee the transparency of public service processes. Transparency, accountability, and enforcement are key to effective policy implementation by administrative bodies, with transparency being particularly important for addressing the current shortage of public service provision. From the perspective of information symmetry, transparency promotes democracy in decision-making, increases opportunities for power checks, reduces waste and leakage in fund use, and drives the realization of public service equalization through social fairness and justice. Legislation should jointly ensure the transparency of transfers from both substantive and procedural aspects, measuring outcomes rather than just processes. On the basis of clarifying diversified public service provision, the entire responsibility definition, financial power division, and financial support for public services should be brought into the public eye, enabling effective and practical exercise of supervisory functions. Overall, the book tightly grasps this major issue of building a harmonious society and proposes many forward-looking propositions on public service system construction and central-local relations. As China's reform practice progresses, in-depth research on these theoretical issues will become increasingly important. For government officials, experts, and practitioners concerned with this field of research, the book is well worth reading.