"Customs and Manners, Volume 2"

Author: Voltaire
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2003-08-01
Features: This is a monumental and epic work that focuses on religious issues while also delving into various aspects of culture, highlighting the arduous journey of humanity from ignorance to civilization. The book uses numerous facts to expose the darkness and corruption of the Church, opposing religious fanaticism, persecution, and sectarian conflicts. With sharp prose and grandeur, it spans thousands of years and traverses several continents, presenting a magnificent panorama of the spirit and customs of important nations around the world. The book narrates complex historical events, summarizing their essence and capturing their essence; it portrays characters vividly and skillfully uses concise brushstrokes to depict social customs and historical landscapes. This book is not only a scholarly work for historians but also a valuable read for any general reader interested in world history. Discourse on the Customs of Nations focuses on the customs of different peoples while also exploring the underlying national spirit and mentality behind these customs. Therefore, this historical work is not merely a chronicle of dynasties, politics, or events. In a sense, it can even be considered a precursor to the contemporary French Annales School, where we can find the seeds of later social science methodologies. Voltaire explicitly states in the book: "My main idea is to understand the customs of different peoples as much as possible and to study the human spirit. I regard the succession of kings as a guiding thread rather than the purpose of writing history." Law, art, and customs are the main subjects of this book. Thus, it is not a strict chronicle or genealogy. As a more personalized teaching method, he did not even deliberately consult a large number of books to clarify details but instead attempted to provide the world with a general outline. The author of Discourse on the Customs of Nations also shows a strong interest in and an egalitarian attitude toward non-Western civilizations. He dedicates considerable space to discussing the culture of non-Western worlds, often with a tone of praise, especially when introducing China, where he shows great enthusiasm. He mentions that in other countries, law is used to punish crimes, while in China, its role is greater, rewarding virtuous behavior. He points out that in ancient times, the Chinese were already quite advanced, but he also raises the question: why did China remain at this stage for so long? Why, in China, was astronomy so ancient yet its achievements so limited? Why did they still not know about semitones in music? In his view, these people, so different from Westerners, seemed to be endowed by nature with organs that could easily discover what they needed but could not progress further. We, on the other hand, acquired knowledge late but quickly brought everything to perfection. He speculates that there might be two reasons: one is the Chinese people's inexplicable reverence for what their ancestors left behind, believing that everything ancient is perfect, and the other lies in the nature of their language. Regarding the later academic criticism of Discourse on the Customs of Nations, Morraia considers it "a mix of praise and blame." There are still many factual errors in the book, some of which the author is hard-pressed to excuse, while others are unavoidable, as the truth was not yet clear at the time. Montesquieu said that Voltaire's purpose in writing history was to glorify his own sect, i.e., to promote his secular religion. Voltaire wanted to prove that Boussuet's explanation of history in terms of God's will was wrong, believing that history should not be explained by original causes but by the blind play of many small causes. He denied all supernatural phenomena, and it should be said that drawing this line is very meaningful for the independent development of historiography. However, he sometimes believed that the past of humanity was a continuous chain of sin and suffering, and that soon reason would clarify the confusion, which was perhaps too pessimistic about the past and too optimistic about the future. Nevertheless, regardless of anything else, we can quote one sentence from the book to describe it: "A person who thinks with the heart will always inspire others to think."