Principle of Bi-directional Selection in Biological Evolution

Author: Liu Yonglie
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2007-01-01
Features:
Chapter 1 The Basic Unit of Evolution – Species
Section 1 The Complexity of Species
1.1 The Variable Species
1.2 The Constant Species Despite Change
1.3 Type Specimens and Species
1.4 Species with Special Relationships
1.5 Difficult-to-Define Species
Section 2 The Fuzziness of Species
1.1 Fuzziness as a Fundamental Attribute of Biology
1.2 Manifestations of Biological Fuzziness
1.3 The Fuzziness of Species
1.4 The Classical Set Concept
1.5 The Fuzzy Set Concept
1.6 Further Understanding the Fuzziness of Species
Section 3 The Asymmetry of Species
1.1 The Concept of Asymmetric Relationships
1.2 The Asymmetry of Species Relationships
1.3 Asymmetric Relationships and Species Classification
Section 4 Species Definitions and Mathematical Expressions of Species
1.1 The Essential Attributes of Species
1.2 The Fuzziness and Asymmetry of Reproduction and Genetics
1.3 Fuzzy Definitions of Species
1.4 Mathematical Expressions of Species
1.5 Biological Implications of Mathematical Expressions of Species
Summary
Chapter 2 The Driving Forces Behind Species Origin
Section 1 The Driving Forces of Biological Evolution
1.1 Darwin’s Concept of Natural Selection
1.2 Doubts About Natural Selection as the Driving Force of Evolution
1.3 The Deterministic and Creative Nature of Mutations
1.4 The Impact of Variation and Its Heredity on Biological Adaptability
Section 2 Survival Rules and the Principle of Mutual Selection
1.1 Survival Rules
1.2 The Principle of Mutual Selection
1.3 The Influence of Adaptability and Elimination Force on Biological Survival
Section 3 Biological and Ecological Basis of Mutual Selection
1.1 The Importance of Observing Nature
1.2 Ecological Selection Phenomena
1.3 The Phenomena of Survival Struggle
1.4 Ecological Balance Phenomena
1.5 Ecological Circle Phenomena
1.6 Ecological Invasions
Section 4 Biodynamic Basis of Mutual Selection
1.1 The Principle of Automatic Adjustment of Ecological Balance
1.2 Density Fitness of Clades
1.3 Geographic Distribution of Clades
1.4 Geographic Divergence of Clades
1.5 The Principle of Clade Trait Stability
Section 5 Genetic Basis of Mutual Selection
1.1 Experiments on the Ineffectiveness of Artificial Selection
1.2 Experiments on the Ineffectiveness of Natural Selection
1.3 Explaining Genetic Experiments with the Principle of Mutual Selection
1.4 Misuse of the Neutral Mutation Theory in Genetics
1.5 Several Important New Concepts
1.6 The Formation of Genetic Traits in Arabidopsis
1.7 The Emergence of Drug Resistance
Summary
Chapter 3 The Sources of Species Diversity
Section 1 Accumulation of Variation
1.1 The Concept of Variation Accumulation
1.2 Beneficial and Harmful Mutations
1.3 Paths of Variation Accumulation
1.4 Scales for Measuring Variation Accumulation
Section 2 The Birth of New Species
1.1 Deficiencies in Traditional Theories
1.2 Conditions for Biological Evolution
1.3 How New Species Are Born
Section 3 The Origin of Biological Diversity
1.1 The Concept of Biological Diversity
1.2 Classification and Biological Diversity
1.3 Fuzzy Classification and Species Diversity
1.4 External and Internal Boundaries of Species Classification
1.5 Biological Evolution and Fuzzy Species Classification
1.6 The Formation of Species Diversity
Summary
Chapter 4 Biological Taxonomic Ranks
Section 1 The Origin of Biological Taxonomic Ranks
1.1 Species Diversity and Biological Taxonomic Ranks
1.2 Biological Taxonomic Ranks and Classification
1.3 Are Taxonomic Ranks Static or Dynamic Concepts?
1.4 The Origin of Biological Taxonomic Ranks
Section 2 Establishment of Biological Taxonomic Ranks
1.1 Questions About the Interrelationships of Biological Taxonomic Ranks
1.2 The Phenomenon of Missing Evolutionary Stages
1.3 Determining Taxonomic Rank and the Classification System
1.4 The Basic Unit of Biological Classification
Section 3 Promotion of Biological Taxonomic Ranks
1.1 The Principle of Hierarchical Rank Promotion
1.2 Explaining Rank Division Concepts with the Principle of Hierarchical Rank Promotion
1.3 The Principle of Hierarchical Grade Promotion
Summary
Chapter 5 The Power of Life
Section 1 Precious Life
1.1 Life That Is Both Resilient and Fragile
1.2 Life That Cannot Be Repeated
1.3 The Impact of Morphological Changes on Life Force
Section 2 Calculation and Application of Life Force
1.1 The Concept of Survival Freedom
1.2 Calculation of Life Force
1.3 Life Force and Life Intensity
1.4 Explaining the Origin of Species with Changes in Life Force
1.5 Species Extinction and Environmental Protection
Section 3 Trends of Biological Evolution
1.1 The Inevitable Direction of Evolution
1.2 The Accidental Direction of Evolution
1.3 Evolutionary Paths
Summary
Chapter 6 From Ape to Human
Section 1 The Development of Human Origin Understanding
1.1 The Mythological Stage
1.2 The Stage of Evolutionary Theory vs. Creationism
1.3 The Stage of Evolutionary Theory Development
Section 2 Historical Evidence
1.1 Humans Evolved from Animals
1.2 Ancient Apes as Direct Ancestors of Humans
1.3 Three Transitional Stages from Ancient Apes to Modern Humans
Section 3 Why Did Apes Evolve into Humans?
1.1 The Viewpoint of Forced Evolution
1.2 The True Reason for Ancient Apes Turning into Humans
Summary
References
The main content of this book includes: the basic unit of evolution – species, the causes of species origin, and the sources of species diversity.