How is male orchitis caused?

Patient's question:

A few days ago, I had a cold, so I thought the fever and chills were due to the cold. But the fever didn't go down, and when I went to the hospital, the doctor said I had orchitis. I don't know how I got this disease, but I'd like to ask: What causes orchitis in men?

Doctor's answer:

Speculation, Orchitis: In patients with urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis, post-prostatectomy, and long-term indwelling catheters. The infection spreads to the epididymis through the lymphatic or vas deferens, leading to epididymo-orchitis. The common pathogens include Escherichia coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc. However, the testes have a rich blood supply and strong resistance to infection, so this condition is relatively uncommon.
Pathology: Mainly characterized by testicular enlargement, congestion, and tension. When the testis is incised, small abscesses are observed. Histologically, there is focal suppuration, edema of connective tissue, and infiltration of segmented neutrophils. The seminiferous tubules show inflammation, desquamation, and suppuration. In severe cases, it may lead to testicular abscess and testicular infarction.

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