Patient's question:
What are the causes of female cervical malformation infertility?Doctor's answer:
1. Cervical agenesis is caused by the arrest of development at the distal end of the paramesonephric ducts and can be associated with upper vaginal atresia or uterine malformation.2. Bicornuate uterus is caused by the failure of fusion of the mid-segments of the paramesonephric ducts on both sides, hence it is often associated with uterine didelphys.
3. Congenital cervical stenosis is seen in daughters whose mothers took diethylstilbestrol (DES) during early pregnancy. These daughters may develop vaginal adenosis, cervical stenosis and erosion, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma, or clear cell carcinoma during puberty. This is due to the interference of DES on the normal differentiation of sexual tissues and organs during early pregnancy. This phenomenon is referred to as DES syndrome.