What is the reason for the hardness of the nipple?

Patient's question:

Patient Age: 23
Detailed Condition and Purpose of Consultation: I've noticed that when I feel cold these past couple of days, my nipples become hard and painful. But they feel fine when I'm not cold. What could be the cause?
Duration of Current Illness: 6 days
First Follow-up Question: No lumps

Doctor's answer:

Hardening of the nipples may be related to hormone levels. For women, there is also a possibility of pregnancy, and hardening of the nipples can occur before menstruation. Generally, nipple hardening is not a significant issue and is considered normal. If there is cracking, bleeding, or the discharge of fluid or pus from the nipples, it should be taken seriously. Do not use medication blindly and seek further medical examination at the hospital to treat the condition specifically targeting the cause. Additionally, it cannot be ruled out that it may be caused by nipple inflammation. Nipple inflammation is usually caused by long-term inflammation, but it could also be related to the type of underwear worn. It is recommended to wear cotton underwear and have an examination at a local regular hospital's breast department. If necessary, follow medical advice and use antibiotics for effective symptomatic treatment. Dietary habits should be kept light.

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