Architectural Engineering Drawing (Third Edition)

Author: Chief Editor: Chen Wenbin et al
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2002-10-01
Features: The book strives to combine theory with practice, closely aligning with professional requirements, integrating text and illustrations, and presenting content in an accessible manner for self-study. The main content includes: drawing specifications and basic skills, methods of drawing views, cross-sections, and sectional views, as well as dimensioning; relevant content, drawing methods, and interpretation of construction drawings and structural construction drawings for building projects; and the content, drawing methods, and interpretation of building water supply and drainage engineering drawings. In the mechanical drawing section, the book introduces the methods of drawing standard and commonly used parts, assembly drawings, and the similarities and differences in graphical representation between mechanical drawings and building drawings. This book can serve as a teaching material for architectural drawing courses in civil engineering programs at universities, television universities, correspondence universities, and other institutions, or as a reference for engineering technicians or for self-study. Accompanying this book is the "Exercise Book for Architectural Drawing" (3rd Edition).
Excerpt:
9. The roof plan should indicate the roof shape, drainage direction, slope or flashing, and the positions of other components and certain axes;
10. Detail index symbols;
11. Names of each room.
Section 3-4: Architectural Elevation
An architectural elevation is a planar projection of the exterior walls of a building in a direction parallel to them, often abbreviated as (e.g., north/south/east/west) elevation. Architectural elevations are used to represent the form and appearance of a building and to indicate decorative requirements for exterior walls. A building may have multiple elevations, typically with the main entrance or the elevation that best reflects the building's primary features designated as the front elevation, thereby determining the rear elevation and the left and right elevations. Sometimes, elevations are named according to the building's orientation, such as north elevation, south elevation, east elevation, and west elevation (as shown in Figures 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, and 3-13). Alternatively, elevations can be named based on the axis numbers at both ends of the elevation, such as the south elevation of this guesthouse, which can also be referred to as elevation ①～⑦. For buildings with complex plan shapes, additional elevations from other directions or locations may need to be drawn. If the east and west elevations are completely symmetrical, they can be combined and named as the east (or west) elevation.
I. Content and Requirements of Elevation Drawing
The guesthouse needs to draw four elevations from the east, south, west, and north directions to reflect the different conditions and decorations of each elevation. Taking Figure 3-10, the south elevation of the guesthouse, as an example, to illustrate the main content and drawing requirements of an elevation.
1. Content of the Drawing
The south elevation of the guesthouse is the main elevation of the building. At the western end of the south elevation, there is a main entrance (main gate), with a corner canopy above it. Below the corner canopy, decorative lattices are installed on both sides, and a flower bed is placed on the eastern side of the entrance steps (refer to the second/third-floor plan in Figure 3-6 and the ground-floor plan in Figure 3-5). The second, third, and fourth floors of the eastern end of the south elevation have balconies, with a canopy above the fourth-floor balcony (refer to the second/third-floor plan in Figure 3-6, the fourth-floor plan in Figure 3-7, and the roof plan in Figure 3-9). The south elevation shows the types, arrangements, and opening directions of doors and windows on the south elevation, as well as the positions of the exterior wall plinths, wall guides, rainwater pipes, and the eastern entrance steps. The roof section indicates the form of the parapet (also known as the cornice wall) and the position and shape of the water tank on the roof. The main decorative methods of the elevation surface are generally explained in writing in the elevation, such as the exterior wall, balcony, canopy, window sills, wall guides, and plinths (including materials and colors) in the south elevation (Figure 3-10), with brief annotations.
2. Specific Regulations and Requirements
(1) Reference Axes
In elevation drawings, only the reference axes at both ends and their numbers are usually drawn to facilitate correlation with the plan. For example, the south elevation in Figure 3-10 only needs to indicate axes ① and ⑦, which more accurately determines the viewing direction of the elevation.
(2) Lines
To make the elevation clear, the outer contour lines of the building elevation are drawn slightly thicker (bold line b), the outdoor ground line is even thicker (1.4b), and the outlines of door and window openings, steps, and flower beds are drawn as medium-thick lines (0.5b). The outlines of protruding canopies, balconies, and other projecting cornices can be the same thickness as door and window openings or slightly thicker. Doors and windows, their division lines, decorative patterns, rainwater pipes, wall division lines (including wall guides), exterior wall plinths, and material annotations and height symbols are drawn as thin lines (0.35b).
(3) Symbols
Like plan drawings, elevations use standardized symbols for doors and windows due to the small scale. Refer to Appendix 2 "Architectural Symbols." Some windows in the elevation are drawn with diagonal thin lines, indicating the opening direction. Thin solid lines represent outward-opening windows, while thin dashed lines represent inward-opening windows. Generally, it is not necessary to draw opening symbols for all windows; for windows of the same type, only one or two are drawn (refer to Figures 3.10–3-13). For example, from the south elevation in Figure 3-10, the upper and lower opening lines of the two windows on the ground floor show that the lower ones are four outward-opening windows, while the upper ones are two dormer windows (also known as waist windows), both hinged at the top and opening outward. The opening symbol of the balcony door indicates a single outward-opening door with a hinge on one side, and the upper window above the door is also hinged at the top and opens outward. Except for combined doors and windows, the opening direction of doors is generally not shown in elevations, as the method and direction are already indicated in the plan with symbols.
(4) Dimensioning
Height dimensions on elevations are primarily using height symbols. The following should be dimensioned: indoor and outdoor ground levels, top and bottom of door and window openings, cornice top surfaces (if the roof is overhanging, note up to the eaves top), water tank top surfaces, entrance platform surfaces, and the bottom surfaces of canopies and balconies (or the top surfaces of balcony railings). When dimensioning height symbols, note that, except for door and window openings (excluding plaster layers), there is a distinction between architectural and structural heights. For the top surface of a component, the architectural height (including plaster layers) after finishing should be (e.g., the height of the cornice top and balcony railing top), while for the bottom surface, the structural height excluding plaster layers should be (e.g., the bottom of the canopy). In addition to height symbols, some local dimensions without detailed drawings may be, such as the 30mm inward projection of the flower bed canopy edge in the south elevation of Figure 3-10. In elevations, reference symbols for detailed drawings should also be drawn where applicable. Figures 3-11, 3-12, and 3-13 show the north, east, and west elevations of the guesthouse, which have the same content and requirements as the south elevation.
II. Main Content of Elevation Drawing
1. Title, scale;
2. Reference axes at both ends of the elevation and their numbers;
3. Shapes, positions, and opening direction symbols of doors and windows;
4. Roof shape;
5. Positions, shapes, materials, and methods of each exterior wall, steps, flower beds, canopies, window sills, balconies, rainwater pipes, water outlets, exterior wall decoration, and various cornices;
6. Heights and necessary local dimensions;
7. Reference symbols for detailed drawings.