The Memoirs of Wellington Koo, Volume XII

Author: Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Publisher:
Publish Date: 1993-08-01
Features: Wellington Koo (1888-1985) was a leading figure in diplomacy during the Beiyang Government and the Nationalist Party era. His courtesy name was Shaochuan, and his English name was Wellington. Born on January 29, 1888, in Shanghai, Koo received his early education in a private school and entered Shanghai's Anglo-Chinese College at the age of 11. In 1901, he enrolled in St. John's College, completing a four-year curriculum in just three years while serving as a literary editor for the student-run newspaper Long. In 1904, he traveled to the United States at his own expense, first attending Cook College in New York, then transferring to Columbia University for a general liberal arts program. He later pursued graduate studies in political science, earning a master's degree in 1909 and a Ph.D. in philosophy in 1912.
In 1912, at the age of 24, Koo returned to China with his American education and was appointed as the State Secretary and Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Beijing, marking the beginning of his diplomatic career. In 1915, when the Japanese government coerced Yuan Shikai into signing the "Twenty-One Demands," Koo, despite being ill, wrote an exposé exposing Japan's intimidation tactics, which drew international attention and forced Japan to moderate its demands. In 1917, when the United States joined the Allied Powers in World War I, Koo believed that China's participation would elevate its international status. He actively lobbied in Washington and sent secret cables to the central government in Beijing urging China to join the war.
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Koo moved the international delegates by stating that "China cannot give up Shandong any more than a Christian can give up Jerusalem." This stance not only secured Shandong but also established Koo's reputation in the international diplomatic community. In 1921, Koo built a residence at No. 267 Hebei Road, Heping District, Tianjin, where he stayed briefly in 1924. After the "September 18th Incident" in 1931, he joined the Lytton Commission of the League of Nations. During the investigation, the Japanese side strictly prevented Koo from entering Northeast China and threatened him. Undeterred by personal danger, Koo insisted on investigating Northeast China independently, conducting extensive work and submitting a lengthy memorandum to the commission exposing Japan's aggressive actions.
After World War II, at Koo's urging, the United States, China, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union held the United Nations Conference on International Organization in Washington in 1944 and drafted the Charter of the United Nations. On June 26, 1945, Koo, representing the Republic of China, was the first to sign the Charter of the United Nations, officially establishing the United Nations. From 1912 to 1967, over half a century, Koo held numerous diplomatic posts, including Ambassador to the United States, Ambassador to France, Chief Representative to the United Nations, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Judge of the International Court of Justice at The Hague. In his later years, he devoted 17 years of effort to completing his monumental 13-volume, 6-million-word memoir, The Diaries of Wellington Koo.
Koo was a renowned diplomat in modern Chinese history. This patriotic diplomat, with his wisdom, integrity, and passion for his country, made historic contributions to his diplomatic career. Chairman Mao Zedong also deeply admired his diplomatic talent and character. The Diaries of Wellington Koo is a long memoir by the senior Chinese professional diplomat, Wellington Koo. It primarily records his long diplomatic career from his appointment to the Beiyang Government to his retirement from the International Court of Justice at The Hague in the 1960s. The book consists of 13 volumes and 6 million words. It is both a long memoir of the author's political career and a historical record of China's foreign relations since the early Republic, including the Beiyang and Nationalist Party governments.