Beijing mountain area landslide

Author: Zhong Dunlun et al
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2005-03-16
Features: Beijing is the capital of China, serving as the political, economic, cultural, and tourism center, as well as a transportation hub. The mountainous areas of Beijing are the water sources for drinking water, domestic water, industrial water, and environmental protection water in Beijing, as well as the bases for dry and fresh fruits, timber, and other renewable resources, mineral resources, and tourism and vacation destinations. The mountainous areas of Beijing are primarily mid-low mountains, with hilly terraces in the transition zone from mountains to plains. The mid-low mountain areas have relatively large relative elevations, steep slopes, deep incisions, and dense gully networks. The strata are ancient, with well-developed structures and fragmented rock bodies. Although precipitation is not particularly abundant, it is highly concentrated, with frequent heavy rains, torrential rains, and even extreme torrential rains. The climate is warm, with rain and heat occurring in the same season, fertile soil, and favorable conditions for vegetation growth. As a result, they were once lush green forests, providing significant ecological benefits. Not only did they protect the mountainous areas themselves from natural disasters, but they also played a crucial role in regulating the climate, conserving soil, and mitigating natural disasters for the entire Beijing region, serving as a natural green barrier for protecting the ecological environment and defending against natural disasters in Beijing. As mentioned above, the mountainous areas of Beijing hold a pivotal position in disaster reduction, disaster prevention, national economic construction, and daily life in the Beijing region.
Beijing is one of the famous ancient capitals of China and the world, where multiple dynasties were established throughout history. To meet the needs of nobles and aristocrats for building palaces, wealthy merchants for constructing mansions, and ordinary residents for building houses and obtaining construction materials, the forests in the mountainous areas of Beijing were severely damaged. Especially after the July 7th Lugou Bridge Incident, when Japanese imperialists occupied Beijing, they engaged in predatory logging of the forests, leading to a brutal disaster for the forest ecosystem. The original forests were destroyed almost entirely, leaving only secondary forests behind.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, although great attention was paid to environmental protection, due to the need to rebuild the country and the demand for large amounts of construction materials, coupled with insufficient understanding of the important role of forest ecosystems in the ecological environment and inadequate protection, the harvesting of forest vegetation exceeded its growth, further damaging the forest ecosystem. The ecosystems that developed under the unique environmental conditions of the mountains are inherently fragile. Combined with the continuous destruction of the forest ecosystem, the mountain environment has been gradually degrading, with increasing water erosion and gravity erosion, leading to the continuous expansion of debris flow activity, larger scales, and greater hazards, posing serious threats to the lives, property, and national economic construction of residents in the mountainous areas of Beijing.
The Communist Party of China Central Committee, the State Council, the Beijing Municipal Party Committee, and the Beijing Municipal Government have shown great concern for the debris flow disasters in the mountainous areas of Beijing and have attached high importance to their prevention and control. In August 1950, when debris flow disasters occurred in the Qing River Basin of Mentougou District and the Dashi River Basin of Fangshan District, experts, scholars, and engineering technicians from relevant departments, under the guidance of the central government, immediately conducted field investigations and surveys, actively engaged in emergency rescue and reconstruction efforts, and on this basis, selected Tianshi Donggou, which was severely affected by debris flows, as a base. With the technical support of the Forestry Department of Beijing Forestry College, pilot experiments on debris flow prevention and control were carried out, marking the beginning of a new chapter in the research and prevention of debris flows in the mountainous areas of Beijing.
In the early 1950s, although pilot experiments on debris flow prevention and control were initiated and achieved significant progress, the initial phase of the People's Republic of China was constrained by economic strength and technical capabilities. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the prevention and control of debris flows in the mountainous areas of Beijing remained in the experimental stage.
Entering the 1980s, with the deepening of China's reform and opening-up, the economic construction in the mountainous areas of Beijing advanced rapidly, with increasing quality and density, and a growing population, leading to more targets being affected by debris flows. A debris flow of the same scale as in the past often caused losses several times, dozens of times, or even hundreds of times greater. For example, between 1989 and 1999, debris flow disasters caused economic losses of as high as 309 million yuan, with 260 million yuan alone in 1991. As people's economic conditions and living standards improved, their demand for a better living environment became increasingly urgent. To meet the needs of the rapid economic development in the mountainous areas of Beijing and the public's desire for an improved living environment, significant progress has been made in the prevention and research of debris flows. During this period, the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, and the Beijing Municipal Planning Commission organized research and prevention efforts on debris flows in the mountainous areas of Beijing, involving experts, scholars, and engineering technicians from numerous organizations and disciplines.（）、、、、、、、、、—、、、、、、、、、，，。、、、、（），、，。—，，、，。，1998，《》，6，。，10（），，，，。1998～2001，，、、、。，，、、、、、、、、、，、，：《》，《》(1：10)，《》，。，，。，，、，，，2008“”，。