How should infertility be treated and be reliable?

Patient's question:

I've been married for several years, and so far, we don't have any children. I'm also very anxious about it, not knowing if it's my problem. I've asked my husband to get checked, but he refuses. I'm afraid my condition might worsen. Please advise on how to treat infertility reliably.

Doctor's answer:

(1) Congenital testicular dysgenesis or cryptorchidism leading to impaired spermatogenesis
(2) Varicocele, hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis
(3) Inflammation of the reproductive tract
(4) Immunosuppression and endocrine disorders
(5) Chromosomal abnormalities, particularly sex chromosome aberrations, severely affect sperm density, motility, and other parameters
(6) Factors such as drugs affecting spermatogenesis, insecticides, heavy metals, radiation, smoking, and alcohol intoxication can inhibit sperm production. However, in a small subset of patients, despite thorough examinations, no cause for the reduced sperm count can be identified, which is referred to as idiopathic oligospermia. It is recommended that you visit a hospital for relevant detailed examinations to determine the underlying cause.

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