Fuel cell

Author: Mao Zongqiang
Publisher:
Publishing Time: 2005-04-01
Features: This book is one of the series "Renewable Energy". It closely combines the latest research findings in fuel cells, providing a detailed analysis and summary of the development of key materials and engineering applications in fuel cells. The book is divided into 9 chapters. Chapter 1 briefly introduces the development history, electrochemical principles, and classification of fuel cells, serving as a foundation for a deeper understanding of fuel cells. Chapters 2 to 8 elaborate on 7 types of fuel cells, with a focus on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (Chapter 2), direct alcohol fuel cells (Chapter 5), solid oxide fuel cells (Chapter 7), and metal/air fuel cells (Chapter 8). Chapter 9 briefly introduces the application status and development prospects of fuel cells, reflecting the latest scientific and technological achievements and future trends in fuel cells in recent years. Based on material science, the book is comprehensive and up-to-date, reflecting the latest research progress in various fields of fuel cell technology. It is suitable for scientists and engineers engaged in fuel cell research and development, as well as reference material for senior undergraduate and graduate students.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of Fuel Cells
1.1 Development History of Fuel Cells
1.1.1 Early Development of Fuel Cells
1.1.2 Development History of Several Fuel Cell Types
1.1.3 Famous Figures in Fuel Cell Development
1.1.4 Milestones in Fuel Cell Development
1.2 Electrochemical Principles
1.2.1 Basic Principles
1.2.2 Thermodynamics of Fuel Cells
1.2.3 Dynamics of Fuel Cells
1.2.4 Efficiency of Fuel Cells
1.3 Types of Fuel Cells
1.3.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells
1.3.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
1.3.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
1.3.4 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
1.3.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
1.3.6 Several Special Types of Fuel Cells
References
Chapter 2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
2.1 Bipolar Plates of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
2.1.1 Function and Characteristics of Bipolar Plates
2.1.2 Flow Field Forms of Bipolar Plates
2.1.3 Types of Bipolar Plates
2.1.4 Summary and Outlook
References for Section 2.1
2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 Nafion and PEM Fuel Cell Technology
2.2.3 Modification of Nafion
2.2.4 Non-Nafion Sulfonic Acid Membranes and Composite Membranes
2.2.5 Acid-Base Polymer Membranes
2.2.6 High-Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Experiments
References for Section 2.2
2.3 Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells
2.3.1 Overview
2.3.2 Preparation Methods of Electrocatalysts
2.3.3 Characterization Methods of Electrocatalysts
2.3.4 Anode Catalyst for PEM Fuel Cells
2.3.5 Cathode Catalyst for PEM Fuel Cells
2.3.6 Outlook
References for Section 2.3
2.4 Membrane Electrode Preparation Technology
2.4.1 Overview
2.4.2 Gas Diffusion Layer Materials
2.4.3 Membrane Electrode Preparation
2.4.4 Thin-Film Membrane Electrode Preparation
2.4.5 Conclusion
References for Section 2.4
2.5 Performance Characteristics of PEM Fuel Cells
2.5.1 Theoretical Voltage
2.5.2 Energy Conversion Efficiency
2.5.3 Electrical Performance
2.5.4 Temperature Characteristics
2.5.5 Pressure Characteristics
2.5.6 Influence of CO
2.5.7 Lifespan
2.5.8 Stack Performance Characteristics
2.5.9 Performance Challenges
References for Section 2.5
2.6 Overview of PEM Fuel Cell Models
2.6.1 Electrochemical Models
2.6.2 Mass Transfer Models
2.6.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Models
References for Section 2.6
2.7 PEM Fuel Cell Power System Design
2.7.1 Fuel Cell System Composition and Technical Requirements
2.7.2 Air Supply System
2.7.3 Hydrogen Source and Supply System
2.7.4 Humidification System
2.7.5 Cooling System
2.7.6 Control System
References for Section 2.7
Chapter 3 Alkaline Fuel Cells
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 Development History
3.1.2 Working Principle
3.2 Cell Structure
3.2.1 Electrodes
3.2.2 Electrolyte
3.2.3 Drainage Method
3.2.4 CO? Poisoning Problem
3.3 Comparison Between Alkaline Fuel Cells and PEM Fuel Cells
3.4 Applications of Alkaline Fuel Cells
References
Chapter 4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
4.1 Power Generation Principle
4.2 Characteristics and Working Conditions
4.2.1 Characteristics
4.2.2 Working Conditions
4.3 Influence of Working Conditions on Cell Performance
4.3.1 Influence of Working Pressure
4.3.2 Influence of Working Temperature
4.3.3 Influence of Fuel
4.3.4 Influence of Oxidant Composition and Utilization
4.4 Basic Components of Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Systems
4.4.1 Fuel Cell Stack
4.4.2 Fuel Conversion Device
4.4.3 Heat Management Unit
4.4.4 System Control Unit
4.5 Key Materials of Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
4.5.1 Electrocatalysts
4.5.2 Three-Phase Electrode Function and Structure
4.5.3 Electrolyte and Separator
4.5.4 Bipolar Plates
4.6 Current Status and Future of Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Technology
References
Chapter 5 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells
5.1 Working Principle
5.2 Basic Structure
5.3 Overview of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell Development
5.3.1 Safety Issues of Using Hydrogen as Fuel
5.3.2 Development Overview of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells
5.3.3 Remaining Issues in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells
5.4 Anode Catalyst
5.4.1 Mechanism Research on Methanol Oxidation
5.4.2 Pt-Based Anode Catalysts
5.4.3 Non-Metal Catalysts
5.4.4 Structural Factors Affecting Electrocatalytic Performance of Catalysts
5.4.5 Preparation Methods of Catalysts
5.5 Cathode Catalyst
5.5.1 Pt-Based Composite Catalysts
5.5.2 Transition Metal Macrocycle Catalysts
5.5.3 Chevrel Phase Catalysts
5.5.4 Transition Metal Sulfides Catalysts
5.5.5 Transition Metal Carbonyl Compounds Catalysts
5.5.6 Other Types of Catalysts
5.6 Proton Exchange Membrane
5.6.1 Modified Nafion Membrane
5.6.2 PTFE-Based Composite Membranes
5.6.3 Inorganic Compound-Polymer Composite Membranes
5.6.4 Graft Membranes
5.6.5 Non-Fluorinated Homopolymer Membranes
5.6.6 Blended Membranes
5.7 Methanol Alternative Fuels
5.7.1 Ethanol
5.7.2 Other Small Molecule Alcohols
5.7.3 Formic Acid
5.7.4 Other Methanol Alternative Fuels
5.8 Structure of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells
5.9 Commercial Prospects
References
Chapter 6 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.1 Working Principle of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.1.1 Principle of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.1.2 Technical Characteristics of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.2 Current Status of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology
6.2.1 International Status of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology
6.2.2 Domestic Status of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology
6.3 Key Materials and Preparation of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.3.1 Material for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Separators
6.3.2 Preparation of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Separators
6.3.3 Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Separators
6.3.4 Materials and Preparation of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Electrodes
6.3.5 Materials and Preparation of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates
6.4 Structure of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.4.1 Structure of a Single Cell in Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.4.2 Structure of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Stacks
6.4.3 Structure of Molten Carbonate Power Systems
6.5 Preparation and Operation of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.5.1 Test System for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.5.2 On-Site Sintering of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.5.3 Performance of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.5.4 Operation of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.6 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Power Plants
6.6.1 Composition of Natural Gas Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Power Plants
6.6.2 Coal Gasification Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell, Gas Turbine, and Steam Turbine Combined Power Plants
6.7 Analysis of Main Factors Affecting Performance and Lifespan of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.7.1 Influence of Temperature
6.7.2 Influence of Pressure
6.7.3 Influence of Reaction Gas Composition and Utilization
6.7.4 Influence of Current Density
6.7.5 Influence of Electrolyte Composition and Electrolyte Plate Structure
6.7.6 Influence of Impurities in Gas
6.7.7 Principles for Designing Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6.8 Key Development Focus and Main Topics of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology
References
Chapter 7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
7.1 Key Materials of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
7.1.1 Electrolyte
7.1.2 Cathode
7.1.3 Anode
7.1.4 Interconnect Material
7.1.5 Preparation Technology of Dense Electrolyte Films
References for Section 7.1
7.2 Development of New Intermediate and Low-Temperature Oxide/Ceramic Fuel Cells
7.2.1 Proton Conduction in Oxygen Salts
7.2.2 Proton Conduction in NaCl Structure Salts and Composite Ceramics
7.2.3 Fluoride Structure Salts and Composite Ceramics
7.2.4 Defect Chemistry of Proton and Oxygen Ion Conduction in Halide Salts
7.2.5 Cerium Oxide-Based Composite Materials
7.2.6 Perovskite Oxide-Salt (or Oxide) Composite Electrolyte Systems
7.2.7 Nanostructured Thin-Film Composite Materials
7.2.8 Cerium Oxide (Doped Cerium Oxide)-Metal Composite Materials
7.2.9 Defect Chemistry of Hydrogen/Proton in Cerium Oxide
7.2.10 Conduction and Enhancement Mechanisms of Ions in Cerium Oxide-Based Composite Materials
7.2.11 Inspiration and Other Attempts Based on Existing Composite Material Research
7.2.12 Material Solutions for Cells and Proton and Oxygen Ion Co-Conduction Materials
References for Section 7.2
7.3 Development Directions of Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Electrolyte Materials
7.3.3 Anode Materials
7.3.4 Cathode Materials
7.3.5 Sealing Materials
7.3.6 Single Cells and Stacks
References for Section 7.3
Chapter 8 Metal/Air Fuel Cells
8.1 Overview
8.1.1 Working Principle
8.1.2 Characteristics of Metal/Air Fuel Cells
8.1.3 Research History
8.2 Zinc Anode
8.2.1 Electrochemical Reactions of Zinc Anode
8.2.2 Factors Affecting Performance of Alkaline Zinc Electrodes
8.2.3 Special Characteristics of Zinc Anode in Zinc/Air (Fuel) Cells
8.2.4 Morphology of Zinc Electrodes
8.3 Aluminum Anode
8.3.1 Characteristics of Aluminum Anode
8.3.2 Aluminum Alloy Anode
8.3.3 Electrolyte and Additives
8.4 Alkaline Air Electrode
8.4.1 Oxygen Reduction Catalyst in Alkaline Medium
8.4.2 Structure of Air Electrode
8.4.3 Preparation Process of Air Electrode
8.5 Electrolyte
8.5.1 Liquid Electrolyte
8.5.2 Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte
8.5.3 Ionic Liquid Electrolyte System
8.6 Structure Design and Application of Metal/Air Fuel Cells
8.6.1 Zinc/Air Fuel Cells with Replaceable Anode
8.6.2 Zinc/Air Fuel Cells with On-Site Fuel Refueling
References
Chapter 9 Applications and Prospects of Fuel Cells
9.1 Overview of Fuel Cell Applications
9.2 Portable Power Sources
9.2.1 Requirements for Portable Systems
9.2.2 Lightweight Power Sources
9.2.3 Laptop Power Sources
9.2.4 Mobile Phone, Digital Camera, PDA Power Sources
9.2.5 Prospects for Miniature Fuel Cells
9.3 Fuel Cell Vehicles
9.3.1 Development History of Fuel Cell Vehicles
9.3.2 Fuel Cell Buses
9.3.3 Fuel Cell Cars
9.3.4 Fuel Cell Light Vehicles
9.3.5 Fuel Cell Special Vehicles
9.4 Fuel Cell Power Plants
9.4.1 Overview of Fuel Cell Power Plants
9.4.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell Power Plants
9.4.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Power Plants
9.4.4 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Power Plants
9.4.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Power Plants
9.4.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Plants
9.5 Fuel Cell Ships and Aircraft
9.5.1 Fuel Cell Submarines
9.5.2 Surface Ships
9.5.3 Fuel Cell Aircraft
References