Ophthalmic Drug Handbook

Author: Tang Xilan
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2004-09-01
Features: The book primarily includes clinically commonly used drugs, especially based on the current medication list of large ophthalmology specialty hospitals, supplemented with newly promoted domestic and international drugs of significant clinical value in the near future. It is highly applicable and forward-looking. The book is divided into 21 chapters, covering over 800 drugs, with a focus on ophthalmic medications, which occupy a substantial portion. It includes 171 ophthalmic drugs, with 131 being eye drops, making it the most comprehensive toolbook for eye drops currently available. The book is organized by pharmacological actions, with each drug described in terms of its generic and common names (both Chinese and English), pharmacological actions (including pharmacokinetics), indications, dosage and administration, adverse reactions, precautions, formulations, and specifications. The "Ophthalmic Drug Handbook" summarizes years of experience in ophthalmic drug use and includes recently applied new drugs, making it highly practical and capable of guiding clinical medication. [Excerpt:] Prednisolone (PredForte, Prednisolone) [Pharmacological Actions] This is a glucocorticoid that reduces tissue edema and fibrosis during inflammatory responses, inhibits capillary dilation and migration of phagocytes, and also suppresses capillary proliferation, collagen deposition, and scar formation. Its anti-inflammatory effect is 3 to 5 times stronger than hydrocortisone at the same dose. Whether or not inflammation is present, 1% acetic acid prednisolone eye drops can reach high concentrations in rabbit corneas and aqueous humor when the corneal epithelium is intact. [Indications] Suitable for inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, cornea, and other anterior ocular tissues that are sensitive to glucocorticoids. [Dosage and Administration] Instill one drop at a time, 2 to 4 times daily. In the first 24 to 48 hours of treatment, instill two drops every hour. Do not discontinue treatment abruptly and gradually reduce the dose before stopping. [Adverse Reactions] Long-term or high-dose use of glucocorticoid drugs may lead to elevated intraocular pressure, resulting in optic nerve damage or visual field defects; it may also cause posterior subcapsular cataracts, secondary fungal or viral eye infections, thinning of the cornea or sclera, which may lead to globe perforation; and delayed wound healing. Glucocorticoid-containing preparations may also cause acute anterior segment uveitis or globe perforation. Occasionally, topical application of glucocorticoids may cause pupil dilation, reduced accommodation, and ptosis of the upper eyelid. [Precautions] Contraindicated in acute purulent eye infections without prior antiviral treatment, acute simple herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), cowpox, chickenpox, and most other keratoconjunctivitis viral infections, as well as in patients allergic to the drug components. Local application of glucocorticoids during acute purulent eye infections may mask the condition or worsen it. Long-term use of glucocorticoids can suppress ocular immunity, increasing the likelihood of secondary infections. [Formulations and Specifications] Suspended eye drops: 5 mL: 50 mg.
Fluorometholone (Flucon, Oxvlone, FML) [Pharmacological Actions] This is a topical corticosteroid that inhibits inflammation caused by mechanical, chemical, or immunological stimuli. It is generally believed that glucocorticoids act by inducing the production of phospholipase A2 inhibitors. These inhibitors suppress the release of arachidonic acid, a common precursor of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, thereby controlling the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators. [Indications] Suitable for inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, cornea, and other anterior ocular tissues that are sensitive to this drug, as well as for anti-inflammatory treatment after PRK surgery. [Dosage and Administration] Instill 1 to 2 drops at a time, 2 to 4 times daily. [Adverse Reactions] Long-term use may lead to elevated intraocular pressure, corticosteroid glaucoma, occasional optic nerve damage, corticosteroid cataracts, secondary eye infections, globe perforation, and delayed wound healing. [Precautions] Contraindicated in acute simple herpes simplex keratitis, fungal infections of ocular tissues, vaccination with cowpox or chickenpox virus, most other viral keratoconjunctivitis infections, ocular tuberculosis, and in patients allergic to the drug. Intraocular pressure should be monitored regularly during treatment. [Formulations and Specifications] Suspended eye drops: 5 mL: 5 mg, 5 mL: 1 mg.
Fluorometholone (Flucon, Oxylone, FML) [Pharmacological Actions] This is a topical corticosteroid that inhibits inflammation caused by mechanical, chemical, or immunological stimuli. It is generally believed that glucocorticoids act by inducing the production of phospholipase A2 inhibitors. These inhibitors suppress the release of arachidonic acid, a common precursor of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, thereby controlling the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators. [Indications] Suitable for inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, cornea, and other anterior ocular tissues that are sensitive to this drug, as well as for anti-inflammatory treatment after PRK surgery. [Dosage and Administration] Instill 1 to 2 drops at a time, 2 to 4 times daily. [Adverse Reactions] Long-term use may lead to elevated intraocular pressure, corticosteroid glaucoma, occasional optic nerve damage, corticosteroid cataracts, secondary eye infections, globe perforation, and delayed wound healing. [Precautions] Contraindicated in acute simple herpes simplex keratitis, fungal infections of ocular tissues, vaccination with cowpox or chickenpox virus, most other viral keratoconjunctivitis infections, ocular tuberculosis, and in patients allergic to the drug. Intraocular pressure should be monitored regularly during treatment. [Formulations and Specifications] Suspended eye drops: 5 mL: 5 mg, 5 mL: 1 mg.
Tetracycline Cortisone [Pharmacological Actions] Has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. [Indications] Used for conjunctivitis, scleritis, keratitis, corneal transplant rejection, postoperative inflammation, etc. [Dosage and Administration] Apply once nightly. [Formulations and Specifications] Ointment: 2.5 g per tube containing 0.5% tetracycline hydrochloride and 0.5% hydrocortisone acetate.
Compound Dexamethasone (Decadron) [Pharmacological Actions] Contains neomycin and dexamethasone, with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. [Indications] Suitable for acute and chronic conjunctivitis, scleritis, uveitis, iritis, corneal transplant rejection, and postoperative inflammation. [Dosage and Administration] Instill 1 to 2 drops at a time, 3 to 4 times daily. [Adverse Reactions] Should be used under medical guidance, as long-term use may lead to corticosteroid glaucoma or corticosteroid cataracts. [Formulations and Specifications] Eye drops: 10 mL per tube containing 0.5% neomycin sulfate and 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate.
Compound Tobramycin (Tobradex) [Pharmacological Actions] Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Haemophilus conjunctivitis. Dexamethasone is an adrenal cortex hormone that inhibits inflammatory responses caused by various reasons. [Indications] Suitable for acute and chronic conjunctivitis, scleritis, uveitis, iritis, corneal transplant rejection, and postoperative inflammation. [Dosage and Administration] Eye drops: Instill 1 to 2 drops at a time, 4 to 6 times daily; Ointment: Apply once nightly. [Adverse Reactions] Long-term use may lead to corticosteroid glaucoma or corticosteroid cataracts.