Patient's question:
At 24 weeks of pregnancy, four-chamber view: The apex points to the left side of the thoracic cavity, and the heart-to-chest ratio shows no significant enlargement. The right atrium is dilated, and the left and right ventricles are roughly symmetrical in size. The atrioventricular connections are consistent, and a central "cross" intersection is present in the heart. The left and right atrioventricular valves are clearly visible, and both sides show normal opening and closing movements. A strong echo spot is observed in the left ventricle, and the coronary sinus is visibly dilated at the atrioventricular groove, measuring approximately 0.780.54 cm. The dilated coronary sinus drains into the right atrium.The ultrasound findings of the fetal heart are consistent with persistent left superior vena cava (double superior vena cava).
Doctor's answer:
Arteriovenous malformations, although there are several different syndromes, all have abnormal small vessels in the mucosa or submucosa, with diameters ranging from 1mm to >30mm.The cause of gastrointestinal arteriovenous malformations is unknown. In many patients, the following conditions are often associated, including severe valvular heart disease, chronic kidney failure, gastrointestinal radiation therapy, chronic liver disease, collagen-vascular diseases, and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia [Rendu-Osler-Weber (ROW) syndrome].