Boy, 9 years old, urine routine test: hematuria 2+, red blood cells 1+. What is the cause?

Patient's question:

Male, 9 years old. Yesterday had abdominal pain and went to the city hospital for examination; urine routine occult blood 2+. Urine red blood cells 1+. No obvious symptoms.

Doctor's answer:

Chronic cases. Symptoms vary in severity, ranging from asymptomatic to renal failure (initially manifesting as impaired concentrating function). Recurrent episodes may present as intermittent fever, lower back pain, fatigue, weight loss, progressive anemia, etc. Local lower urinary tract irritation symptoms may be absent or intermittent. Pyuria and cellularuria may be present or absent. Children often have concurrent vesicoureteral reflux or congenital urinary tract abnormalities. Renal scars can be observed via B-mode ultrasound or intravenous pyelography. Early correction can reduce renal damage.

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