Patient's question:
Urinalysis is a frequently performed examination. The items in a routine urinalysis can be broadly categorized into four major groups: kidney disease-related, diabetes-related, urinary tract infection-related, and other disease-related. Medical testing has rapidly advanced in recent years, making urinalysis more convenient, accessible, and fast. Below is a brief description of the English symbols and normal values for urine analysis.① Protein semi-quantitative test (PRO): Reference value: Negative or trace, indicated as (—).
② Glucose test (GLu): Reference value: Negative, indicated as (—).
② Occult blood test (BLD): Reference value: Negative, indicated as (—).
④ Ketone test (KET): Reference value: Negative, indicated as (—).
② Bilirubin test:
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Doctor's answer:
Urinalysis is a frequently performed examination. Urinalysis tests can be broadly categorized into four major groups: kidney disease-related, diabetes-related, urinary tract infection-related, and other disease-related. Medical testing has rapidly advanced in recent years, making urinalysis tests more widespread, convenient, and fast. Below is a brief description of their English symbols and normal values.① Protein Semi-quantitative Test (PRO): Reference value: Negative or trace, indicated as (—).
② Glucose Test (GLu): Reference value: Negative, indicated as (—).
② Occult Blood Test (BLD): Reference value: Negative, indicated as (—).
④ Ketone Test (KET): Reference value: Negative, indicated as (—).
② Bilirubin Test (BIL): Reference value: Negative, indicated as (—).
The bilirubin test in urine is an important examination for liver damage and differentiating jaundice. A positive result is seen in obstructive jaundice and hepatic jaundice when direct bilirubin in the blood is elevated. When jaundice is combined with severe kidney damage, the urine bilirubin test may show a negative result.
⑧ Urobilinogen Test (uRO): Reference value: Weakly positive, indicated as (±). An increase is seen in liver dysfunction, hemolytic jaundice, or severe obstruction of the common bile duct or acute hepatic jaundice.
⑦ Nitrite Test (NIT): Reference value: Negative, indicated as (—). Certain bacteria (e.g., E. coli) convert urinary nitrates into nitrites. If the urine is left standing for too long, it may also test positive. A positive result indicates that the bacterial count in the urine should be above 10?/mL. It should be compared with bacterial culture for differentiation.
⑧ Urinary pH Test: Reference value: 5.0–6.0, indicated as pH 5.0–6.0.
⑨ Leukocyte (Esterase) Test (LEN): Reference value: Negative, indicated as (—).
⑩ Specific Gravity Test: Reference value: 1.015–1.030.