History of the Development of Ancient Chinese Literature (Complete Three Volumes)

Author: Luo Zongqiang
Publisher:
Publish Date: 2003-08-01
Features: Literary history is the "history" of literary development, an observation of literary dynamics rather than static viewing. Placing literary phenomena, literary trends, and literary works within the long stream of literary development for a comprehensive examination, and determining their value and significance from a macro perspective—this is the fundamental academic requirement for the study and writing of literary history. Therefore, a literary history must inevitably be a history of literary development. A new work edited by Luo Zongqiang and Chen Hong—A History of the Development of Ancient Chinese Literature (hereinafter referred to as The Development History). This book spans over 1.3 million words, divided into three volumes, and was officially published by Nankai University Press in August 2003. Its publication marks the emergence of a new member in the series of Chinese literary history treatises, making its unique debut.
The editors, Luo and Chen, named this literary history "Development" not merely as a rhetorical device but as a conscious adherence to the aforementioned literary historical perspective. It reflects the idea of examining the course of literary trends from the perspective of development. The Development History presents the basic trajectory of the development of ancient Chinese literature, which can be summarized as follows:
(1) The period of the Pre-Qin and Han dynasties: Literature had not yet achieved independent status and was often integrated with politics, thought, philosophy, and history. There were few writers in a purely literary sense, and the predominant literary forms were poetry and prose. In style, it was characterized by solemnity, purity, and grandeur.
(2) The Wei, Jin, and Song dynasties: Ancient Chinese literature entered a period of self-awareness and prosperity. During this time, literati held a higher status and had a certain degree of independent development space. The status of literature also greatly improved. The flourishing of poetry and ci poetry, reaching the pinnacle of aesthetic beauty, marked the full expression of the subjective spirit of literati. Although the grandeur and magnificence of its aesthetic structure could no longer be compared to that of the Pre-Qin and Han periods, its charm lay in the beauty of its language, the purity of its form, the authenticity of its sentiment, and the richness of its flavor.
(3) The Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties: This was a period of transformation and renewal in Chinese literature. Under the severe constraints of autocratic politics and Neo-Confucianism, as well as the significant impact of secular culture, the status of literati plummeted. Their thoughts lacked freedom, and their spirits were anxious and disoriented. The entire national spirit lost both the grandeur of the Pre-Qin and Han periods and the agility of the Wei, Jin, and Song dynasties. As symbols of the literati's elegant literature, poetry and prose began to decline, while quatrains, drama, and fiction, nourished by secular culture, flourished.
From this perspective, while the compilation of literary history inevitably involves the division of literary periods, it is not merely a listing of literature from those periods. It must instead accurately grasp and deeply reveal the changes in the era, writers, literary forms, stylistic trends, aesthetic perspectives, and other factors, thereby delving into the evolution of the deeper structure of the entire literary system and the fundamental direction of literary development.
The development perspective in literary history often reflects a holistic and systemic understanding of literature. There are typically two attitudes toward literary phenomena: an "isolated" one and a "connected" one. If ancient Chinese literature is approached with the former attitude, it leads to superficial and simplistic conclusions. In contrast, the latter attitude emphasizes incorporating each literary element into the system of literary development for examination, thereby determining its appropriate position, understanding its origins, and recognizing its significance.
The overall trend in the study and writing of literary history is to discard the former perspective and consciously adopt the latter. The Development History thoroughly implements the idea of observing literary objects holistically and systematically. In many evaluations of specific issues, the valuable light of this perspective is evident. For example, in assessing the Xuan poetry of the Eastern Jin dynasty, the work not only acknowledges its "numerous shortcomings" but also fully recognizes its "two positive contributions," stating: "This unique poetic style of the Eastern Jin dynasty, distinct from previous eras, not only directly inspired Tao Yuanming's plain and natural style but also had a profound influence on the later development of literati poetry in terms of its understated, natural, and leisurely aesthetic. Moreover, the Xuan poets' perception and depiction of landscapes laid the foundation for the maturation and evolution of landscape poetry during the Jin-Song period in terms of aesthetic psychology and creative approach."
Clearly, if one evaluates Xuan poetry solely in terms of Xuan poetry, the understanding would inevitably be confined to the traditional views of "excessive theory over expression, bland and tasteless" or "plain and conventional, resembling the Dao De Lun." However, if Xuan poetry is seen as one link and the pastoral poetry of Tao Yuanming and the landscape poetry of Xie Lingyun as another, and then these two links are "connected" for examination, the interlocking relationship between them becomes evident. Furthermore, if the perspective is broadened, Xuan poetry remains an indispensable and important link in the history of Chinese poetry, representing the plain poetic style and landscape aesthetics.
This holistic and systematic approach to examining literary phenomena permeates every chapter of The Development History.
What exactly is the history of Chinese literature? During special historical periods, literary history was once regarded as the history of exposing class struggles or the struggles of the oppressed and exploited. Currently, scholars' understandings of Chinese literary history often share similarities yet differ in unique ways. Some argue that "the core content of literary history is to interpret the evolution of literary works," meaning that literary history is primarily the history of the evolution of literary works. Others believe that "the process of literary development is actually synchronized with the process of human nature's development," in other words, the history of literary development reflects the history of human consciousness and progress. These perspectives have enriched and deepened the understanding of literary history and have advanced the study of Chinese literary history.
Regarding the definition and positioning of Chinese literary history, The Development History proposes a unique perspective. The book explicitly states in its Introduction: "Our literary heritage is a part of our nation's spiritual history. Interpreting this spiritual history is an undeniable task of literary history." It also says: "Through literary history, we can more authentically perceive the spiritual existence of our national culture." In short, literary history is both a spiritual history of the nation and a history of its spirit.
From the perspective of "spirit" and "spiritual," deducing the history of the development of ancient Chinese literature is a theoretical choice made on the basis of a full understanding of the essential spirit of our nation's literature and even culture.
"Speech is the heart's voice." This ancient maxim, which has summarized a fundamental law of Chinese literature for two thousand years, has profoundly influenced both the emergence and development of our literature. Literature has its own soul, and the soul of Chinese literature is the "heart's voice" that reflects the self of the creator and integrates its era's content, embodying the humanistic spirit it contains. As the editors of the book state, the most valuable part of Chinese culture is its humanistic spirit.
The basic spirit demonstrated in the development of ancient Chinese literature lies in the creators' emphasis on the self, human nature, and the dignity of the individual, as well as their emphasis on the interdependence between the individual and nature and society. This spirit is extremely common and deeply permeates literary works, forming the humanistic characteristics of Chinese literature.
Literary history must delve into the spiritual history of our predecessors and the spiritual history of the era in which they lived. If some literary histories focus on guiding readers through the rich and beautiful literary gallery of China's ancient historical periods, others focus on exploring the laws of literary development, such as the laws of literary decline and rise, the evolution of literary forms, and the transformation of stylistic trends. Still others focus on examining the development of "literature" to reveal the deeper causes of literary evolution by studying the development of "humans." In contrast, the Development History edited by Luo and Chen places greater emphasis on delving into the emotional and spiritual worlds of our nation. On a smaller scale, it achieves this by grasping the pulse of the creators' hearts, thereby grasping the pulse of the era they lived in, bridging the hearts of researchers and readers with those of the creators, thereby achieving deep dialogue and communication between authors and readers. On a larger scale, it explores the fundamental connotations of the humanistic spirit of Chinese literature and its value and significance from the perspective of national emotions and national psychological structures, such as the patriotic sentiments, familial themes, and themes of life's reflections in Chinese literature. These form the lifeblood of the development of Chinese literature and serve as the source of its ability to nourish and refine people's emotions.
In this way, The Development History has realized its unique value in uncovering the humanistic spirit of Chinese literature and strengthening the humanistic orientation of the study and teaching of Chinese literary history.
The other significance of approaching the history of literary development from the perspective of "spirit" lies in bringing literary history to life and writing out the life of literature.